[ { "Question": "
\n

Product and Promotion are two factors of the four Ps involved in “Marketing mix”.

\n

What are the other two Ps?

\n

A. Price and profit

\n

B. Place and profit

\n

C. Place and price

\n

D. People and profit

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.30", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A trademark can be:

\n

I. A letter or word

\n

II. A sound

\n

III. A picture

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. II and III

\n

C. I and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C, D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.31", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-5-branding" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which consideration best relates to the waste produced by inappropriate processing?

\n

A. Are we producing exactly what is required?

\n

B. Where and how can we reduce our stock?

\n

C. How can I avoid moving parts from one place to another?

\n

D. Can operations be eliminated from my work?

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.32", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Forceps are tools used for grasping or holding objects. Most forceps have mechanisms consisting of multiple parts, see Figure 1.

\n

Some designers have developed alternative mechanisms for forceps that rely on the elasticity of the material for the transfer of force, movement or energy. These are often produced as one part.

\n

“Oriceps” are forceps inspired by origami (the Japanese art of paper folding), see Figure 2 and Figure 3.

\n

\n

\n

Figure 1: AfroBrazilian, 2012. Liston Bone Cutting Forecep curved 01. [image online] Available at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liston_Bone_Cutting_Forcep_curved_01.jpg. Attribution-ShareAlike
3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
[Accessed 10 September 2020].

\n

Figure 2: BYU_CMR, 2018. Oricepts: Origami Inspired Foreceps. [image online]
Available at: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2988740 [Accessed 10 September 2020].

\n

Figure 3: BYU_CMR, 2018. Oricepts: Origami Inspired Foreceps. [image online]
Available at: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2988740 [Accessed 10 September 2020].

\n
\n

Designed by George Nelson in 1958, the Nelson Swag Leg Desk is named after “swaging”, a manufacturing process that allowed the legs to be curved easily. The lightweight desk features walnut sides, four coloured hardwood dividers, laminate surface and legs shaped from chrome steel tubes, see Figure 5.

\n

The desk is designed to be flat-packed and assembled by the consumer.

\n

\n

Figure 5: Nelson Swag Leg Desk image provided by Herman Miller.

\n
\n

Define elasticity.

\n
[1]
\n
a.i.
\n
\n

Figure 4 shows an example of a stress / strain graph.

\n

Describe what happens when the stress on a material causes it to exceed its yield point.

\n
[2]
\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Describe how biomechanical data would have been used in the development of the forceps in Figure 1.

\n
[2]
\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Outline one way how products that are produced as a single part can reduce manufacturing costs.

\n
[2]
\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Outline how design for disassembly can help extend the lifespan of products with multiple parts.

\n
[2]
\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Explain how finite element analysis (FEA) can be used to test products with multiple parts.

\n
[3]
\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

State one possible joining method used to attach the legs to the other parts of the desk.

\n
[1]
\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Outline the percentile range used to calculate the reach from the front of the desk to the coloured dividers.

\n
[2]
\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Outline one reason why the Nelson Swag Leg Desk achieved classic design status.

\n
[2]
\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Suggest one reason why the depletion of hardwood reserves may have political implications.

\n
[3]
\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

The ability of a material to return to its original shape (after being deformed);

\n


Award [1] for defining the term elasticity.

\n

(Answer in brackets not required for the mark.)

\n

Do not accept the words ‘stretch’ or ‘pull’ without reference to returning to its original shape.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

The material goes from being elastic to plastic/undergoes plastic deformation;

\n

Which means it will not be able to return to its original shape/deforms permanently;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each part of a description of what happens when the stress on a material causes it to exceed its yield point up to [2 max].

\n

Do not accept ‘break’.

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Biomechanical data measures mechanics/forces of the user (living organisms);

\n

To determine the strength/effort required to grip/squeeze/compress the forceps;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each part of a description of how biomechanical data would have been used in the development of the forceps up to [2 max].

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Design for assembly;
Additional workers/machines are not required to assemble the parts;

\n

Design for manufacturing;
No assembly required resulting in higher production rate/less energy consumed;

\n

Design for process;
Optimisation of a single process (such as injection moulding/die casting);

\n

Design for materials;
Optimize economies of scale;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how products that are produced as a single part can reduce manufacturing costs [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Design for disassembly allows products to be taken apart;

\n

Which allows for cleaning/repair/replacing/maintenance of parts;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how design for Disassembly can help extend the life span of products with multiple parts and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) can test the strength/load of a joining method/technique (using CAD);

\n

When under stress/force;

\n

In order to make modifications/improvements;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how Finite Element Analysis (FEA) can be used to test products with multiple parts and [1] for each distinct explanation up to [3 max].

\n

(Answer in brackets not required for the mark.)

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

Fasteners/knock-down fittings/nuts and bolts/screws;

\n


Award [1] for stating a possible joining method used to attach the legs to the other parts of the desk up to [1 max].

\n

Do not accept ‘nails’.

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

5th percentile;

\n

So that 95% of the majority of the population can reach the dividers/to cater for the shortest reach;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying the percentile range used to calculate the reach from the front of the desk to the coloured dividers and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Mass production;
Allows more consumers to own the product/makes it more affordable/meets demand;

\n

Defies obsolescence;
By transcending its function;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one reason how the Nelson Swag Leg Desk achieved classic design status and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Social impact;
Deforestation/loss of habitat/human displacement;
Causing local unrest/people to migrate/unemployment/negative economic impact;

\n

Environmental impact/reduction of CO2 absorption/renewability;
Hardwoods can only be replaced over a long period;
Affecting a country’s obligation to global sustainability agreements/targets;

\n

Biodiversity;
Forests are home to flora/wildlife populations that are under threat;
That can wipe out species/affect the reputation of a country;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for a distinct point for why the depletion of hardwood reserves may have political implications and [1] for each distinct explanation up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A straightforward definition with most students able to get the 1 mark.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

Pretty straightforward for the second point with a number also able to achieve 2 marks for including something from the first point.

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Some confusion with anthropometrics. Most only achieved 1 mark. Second point was harder as it had two parts to it.

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Not well answered. Hardly anyone identified the strategy (dfa, dfm etc) which made it hard to achieve 2 marks. Some got one mark mostly from the first cluster. A more challenging question.

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Straight forward with many able to achieve 2 marks.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

A more challenging question. Some students got 1 or 2, but very few got 3 marks as many students didn’t relate their response back to the forceps.

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

Very straightforward. Most went for screws.

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

A fairly easy question that most candidates got wrong. Still some confusion about percentiles. Lots went for 5th-95th but others also went for 50th. Only a few had the 5th.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Not a difficult question but not well answered. Many candidates took the scattergun approach with classic design terminology like ubiquitous, recognisable, emotion/nostalgia etc. A few got one mark for mass production. Very few got 2 marks though.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Many candidates answered this with cross cluster responses. Some focused on governments/protests etc. Most candidates were able to achieve at least one mark, a number were able to achieve 2 but very few achieved 3. The second point of cluster two in the mark scheme and ‘deforestation’ seemed the most common answers. Very few mentioned biodiversity. This was not an easy question as it seemed to cross over into T8.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "question_id": "21N.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics", "topic-3-modelling", "topic-6-classic-design", "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials", "1-1c-physiological-factors", "4-4-manufacturing-processes", "4-5-production-systems", "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)", "1-1a-anthropometrics", "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design", "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The ideal situation in a just in time (JIT) environment is piece per process, which equates to one piece ordered, one piece processed and one piece shipped. All inventory held over and above this quantity is regarded as waste.

\n

However, this is not always possible or practical. Which of the following allows the inventory to be minimised as far as possible?

\n

A. Carry parts that are expensive

\n

B. Carry parts that are likely to become obsolete

\n

C. Carry parts critical to manufacture

\n

D. Carry parts that another local company can also sell

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.33", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-1-just-in-time-(jit)-and-just-in-case-(jic)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is a culture of continuous improvement?

\n

A. Kaizen

\n

B. Quality control

\n

C. Statistical process control

\n

D. Value stream mapping

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.34", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 13 shows a graph of costs/revenue against sales.

\n

Figure 13: Break-even graph

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

\n

 

\n

Which of the following points represents the break-even point on the graph?

\n

A. A

\n

B. B

\n

C. C

\n

D. D

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.35", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-5-economic-viability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Tasty app gathers data from customers about the meals they have chosen, see Figure 1.

\n

Figure 1: The Tasty app

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

\n

 

\n

What type of human factors data is the app collecting?

\n

A. Quantitative primary data

\n

B. Quantitative secondary data

\n

C. Qualitative primary data

\n

D. Qualitative secondary data

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

In which scale is the order of the values important, but the differences between the values unimportant?

\n

A. Ordinal

\n

B. Nominal

\n

C. Interval

\n

D. Ratio

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What would be the likely physiological consequences of working in an environment that is too warm?

\n

A. Increased heart rate and increased performance

\n

B. Increased heart rate and decreased performance

\n

C. Drowsiness and increased performance

\n

D. Decreased heart rate and decreased performance

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

If you were designing a bottle screw top to allow for easy operation, which percentile would you be designing for?

\n

A. 5th–50th percentile

\n

B. 95th percentile

\n

C. 5th percentile

\n

D. 50th–95th percentile

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Nano Cellulose Vehicle (NCV) is a concept car made from nano cellulose, a new material that can be made from unused biomass or locally sourced wood, see Figure 11. Nano cellulose can be manufactured into parts that are five times as strong as steel, yet one fifth of the weight.

\n

There were a number of drivers (reasons) for the invention of the NCV.

\n

\n

Figures 11 and 12: Images provided with permission from Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan.

\n
\n

List two forms of graphical modelling used by car designers.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain one driver for invention of the NCV in Figure 11.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

A lack of alertness of car users is a major factor in road traffic accidents.

\n

Explain how light and sound could be used by designers of the NCV in Figure 12 to improve the alertness of the user.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how the use of nano cellulose impacts the pre-production, utilization and disposal stages of the NCV’s life cycle.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Freehand sketching;
Isometric drawing;
Perspective drawing;
Orthographic projection/working drawing;
Part/assembly drawing;
Exploded view;
Scale drawing;

\n


Award [1] for listing each form of graphical modelling used by car designers up to [2 max].

\n

Do not accept ‘CAD’ drawing.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Scientific/technical curiosity;
Investigating/development of new materials/processes;
To improve on existing cars;

\n


Desire to help others;
Carbon emissions are a cause of climate change;
Has a negative impact on people around the world;


Constructive discontent;
Analysing a situation that benefits from redesign;
By reducing carbon emissions/pollution/impact on climate change;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of a driver for invention of the NCV up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Light:
Windows;
Can increase visibility/the amount of natural light;
Improves mental focus/reduces fatigue;

\n

Headlights/interior/dashboard lighting;
Improves visibility when driving at night;
Which increases safety;

\n

 

\n

Sound:
Audible feedback (from controls);
Can help the driver understand actions undertaken;
Reassures/notifies the driver of any further actions required;

\n

Warning signal/sounds;
Alerts the driver instantly;
To take necessary action (in response to a situation);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point that explains how light and sound could be used by designers of the NPV to improve the alertness of the user up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n

(Answer in brackets not required for the mark.)

\n
c.
\n
\n

Pre-production:
Nano cellulose is made from unused/waste biomass/locally sourced materials;
Raw material does not need to be extracted;
Lowering energy required/carbon emissions from extraction;

\n


Utilization:
Nano cellulose is lightweight (one fifth the weight of steel);
Requires less energy to power the car;
Reduction in fossil-fuels burnt/less energy (charging) required;

\n

Nano cellulose is strong (five times stronger than steel);
Meaning the car would perform better in collisions/on impact;
Enhancing the safety of the vehicle;

\n

Nano cellulose has a high strength to weight ratio;
Requiring less fuel/energy;
Reducing cost/environmental impact;

\n


Disposal:
Nano cellulose is a natural material;
Making it biodegradable;
Allowing for easier disposal/reduction in energy/toxic pollution/lowering impact on the environment/landfill;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of how the use of nano cellulose impacts the pre-production, utilization and disposal stages of the Nano Cellulose Vehicle’s life cycle up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n

(Answer in brackets not required for the mark.)

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Quite straightforward for 2 marks as a list 2 question. Quite a few also listed CAD.

\n
a.
\n
\n

A slightly more challenging question, from which it was difficult to achieve 3 marks. Many were unable to identify a driver for the first point but some were able to gain 1-2 marks from subsequent points from other clusters.

\n
b.
\n
\n

A fairly accessible question. The light cluster was quite easy and students were able to attain 1-2 marks without difficulty. Sound was not as well answered. Some students talked about sound needing to be limited as the noise could be a distraction. Still, some achieved 1-2 marks in the sound cluster too.

\n
c.
\n
\n

A fairly accessible question which was generally quite well answered. Candidates responded very well to utilization, quite well to pre-production but not so well with the disposal cluster. Most students I marked achieved 3-6 marks for this question overall.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "21N.2.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics", "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production", "topic-3-modelling", "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors", "2-6-eco-design", "3-3-physical-modelling", "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A user-centred approach to design puts the design team in direct contact with the people they are designing for and is also referred to as…

\n

A. Aesthetic design

\n

B. Empathetic design

\n

C. Apathetic design

\n

D. Creative design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Gramovox® bluetooth speaker design is based on gramophones from the 1920s, see Figure 13. For the prototype, stereolithography (SLA) was used to 3D print the S-curve horn.

\n

Pavan Bapu the founder of Gramovox®, is an entrepreneur and a product champion, see Figure 14. He crowdsourced funding for manufacture through Kickstarter and promoted the concept through live online broadcasts and newspaper interviews. He was inspired to develop the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker after seeing a 1920s gramophone in a shop window.

\n



Figure 13: Gramovox, 2013. Gramovox Bluetooth Gramophone. [image online]
Available at: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/gramovox/gramovoxtm-bluetooth-gramophone
[Accessed 10 September 2020].

\n

Figure 14: Technori, 2015. Pavan Bapu Presents Gramovox. [video online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Mp5m8klziA
[Accessed 10 September 2020]. Source adapted.

\n
\n

Outline one physical property that makes hardwood a suitable choice for the base of the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker in Figure 13.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain how retro-styling has been used in the design of the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain Pavan Bapu’s role as entrepreneur and product champion in the success of the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain the benefit of using freehand sketches, physical models and CAD solid models in the development of the horn of the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Density;

\n

Higher mass/weight to aid stability;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one physical property that makes hardwood a suitable choice for the base for the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

Retro-styling uses the decoration/style/appearance from a particular period of time;

\n

The S-curve horn of the Gramovox® mimics the shape of gramophones from the past (1920s);

\n

Using bluetooth/up to date/new technology.

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of how retro-styling has been used in the design of the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker up to [3 max].

\n

(Answer in brackets not required for the mark.)

\n
b.
\n
\n

Entrepreneur
An influential individual who can take an invention to market;
Bapu created a crowdfunding campaign to support the development of the speaker;
Lowering financial risk (for him/the company);

\n


Product champion
Develops enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention/champions an idea within the organization;
Bapu saw a business opportunity in the retro-styling of the speaker;
Promoting the product through online platforms/broadcasts/interviews;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of Pavan Bapu’s role as entrepreneur and product champion in the success of the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n

(Answer in brackets not required for the mark.)

\n
c.
\n
\n

Freehand sketches:
Rough drawings/sketches used to convey/communicate an idea;
In a quick/easy/cost effective way;
To record/improve ideas as idea development progresses;

\n


Physical models:
The creation of a (smaller or larger) tangible version of an object (that can be physically interacted with);
To test/evaluate the aesthetic/function/performance;
And provide feedback that enables the designer to modify/improve the speaker;

\n


Solid models:
Provides a complete set of data for the product to be realised;
Used for simulations/feedback (of the assembly/materials/performance of the speaker);
Saving on time/labour (without the need of a physical model);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of the benefit of using freehand sketches, physical models and CAD solid models in the development of the horn of the Gramovox® bluetooth speaker up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n

(Answer in brackets not required for the mark.)

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Not well answered. Very few achieved 2 marks. Some got 1. Most did not get density.

\n
a.
\n
\n

A nice question, generally well answered with many candidates able to achieve 2 marks. Some were able to achieve 3 marks.

\n
b.
\n
\n

An easy enough question, well answered by some candidates only. Almost all candidates could pick up 1-2 marks but not many got more than 4. The last point in the entrepreneur cluster was not addressed by many candidates, neither was the middle point in the product champion cluster. Quite a few mentioned the entrepreneur as a ‘risk taker’ and ‘provider of finance’.

\n
c.
\n
\n

This was the most accessible of the 9 mark questions which made it easy for students to pick up 2-3 marks in both the freehand sketches and physical models clusters. Solid modelling was not quite as well answered, but some picked 1 or 2 marks here also. Overall, most students I marked achieved 4-7 marks for this question overall.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "21N.2.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-6-classic-design", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials", "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form", "5-4-stakeholders-in-invention-and-innovation", "3-2-graphical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which three categories are focussed on in eco-design?

\n

A. Materials, energy and pollution/waste

\n

B. Production, utilization and distribution

\n

C. Price, quality and service

\n

D. Product, place and price

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

To select suitable manufacturing processes for products, designers use process selection charts such as the one shown in Figure 6.

\n

\n
\n

List two materials in Figure 6 that can be shaped using resin-transfer moulding.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

List two suitable processes in Figure 6 for a ceramic component with a mass of 10 kg.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Composites;

\n

Polymers;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each material that can be shaped using resin-transfer moulding up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

Conventional Machining;

\n

Injection Moulding;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each suitable process for a ceramic component with a mass of 10 kg up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
", "Examiners report": "", "question_id": "21N.2.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [], "subtopics": [] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following resources is renewable?

\n

A. Oil

\n

B. Gas

\n

C. Biomass

\n

D. Coal

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following battery types is the most efficient?

\n

A. Lithium

\n

B. Lead acid

\n

C. Hydrogen fuel cell

\n

D. NiCad

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain how the molecular structure of thermoplastics is affected by heat.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Thermoplastics have a linear chain structure/weak polymer bonds;

\n

Which allows them to be heated and reformed;

\n

Into a new shape repeatedly;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how the molecular structure of thermoplastics is affected by heat and [1] for each development of the explanation up to [3 max].

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Good general understanding of the molecular structure of thermoplastics and the effect of heat.

\n
", "question_id": "21N.2.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which term describes anthropometric data taken while someone is at rest?

\n

A. Static data

\n

B. Dynamic data

\n

C. Functional data

\n

D. Secondary data

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

As an energy generation process, CHP (Combined Heat and Power) is fuel neutral. What does this mean?

\n

A. It can clean fuels

\n

B. It can neutralise fuels

\n

C. It can be applied to renewable and fossil fuels

\n

D. It can take subsidies from fossil fuels

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.9", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The choice of production systems can be based on criteria such as time, cost and impact on the environment.

\n

Explain one reason why designers would consider impact on the environment as a criterion for selecting manufacturing processes.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Due to consumer pressure/legislation;

\n

Considering materials/energy/pollution/waste;

\n

To meet consumer demand/targets;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of why designers would consider impact on the environment as a criterion for selecting manufacturing processes up to [3 max].

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A complex question that was a good discriminator. It was easy for 2 marks if the students got legislation or consumer pressure but only a few did. Very few attained the full 3 marks. This was another more challenging question that crossed over into T8. Some students mentioned TBL, market pull (T5) and brand image (T9).

\n
", "question_id": "21N.2.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-5-production-systems" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Designers use an understanding of human factors to...

\n

I.   Increase safety

\n

II.  Increase ease of use

\n

III. Reduce stress and fatigue

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is true of dematerialization:

\n

I. It reduces raw materials at the production stage

\n

II. It reduces waste at the disposal stage

\n

III. It reduces energy and material inputs at the use stage

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What do the letters ACT stand for in Van Gorp and Adams’ framework for creating designs that intentionally trigger emotional responses with the use of a product?

\n

A. Aesthetic, Converse, Transact

\n

B. Attract, Converse, Transact

\n

C. Attract, Create, Transact

\n

D. Attract, Create, Transfer

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-5-beyond-usability—designing-for-pleasure-and-emotion" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 3 shows a car design modelled from clay.

\n

Figure 3: A clay model of a car

\n

\n

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opel_50_Jahre_Design_(14541643013).jpg, by Robert Basic]

\n

 

\n

Which of the following best describes a model that shows exactly how a product could look but not function?

\n

A. Mock-up model

\n

B. Prototype model

\n

C. Realistic model

\n

D. Aesthetic model

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-3-physical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A person that enthusiastically adopts environmentally friendly practices as a consumer is known as…

\n

A. An eco-warrior

\n

B. An eco-champion

\n

C. An eco-fan

\n

D. An eco-phobe

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-2-sustainable-consumption" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Clinatec, a French biomedical research centre, and the University of Grenoble have recently developed a device. This has enabled a patient, known as Thibault, to move all four of his paralysed limbs with a mind-controlled exoskeleton, see Figure 5.

\n

Thibault had to undergo months of training before using the robotic exoskeleton. The training was performed in a usability lab, using his brain signals to control an avatar in a computer simulation.

\n

The designers at Clinatec used a range of user-centred design (UCD) strategies in the development of the exoskeleton. This enabled them to gain a complete understanding of the needs of the users, tasks and environments, see Figure 6 and Figure 7. The trial was considered a success by scientists.

\n

\n


\n

Figures 5 and 7: © J. Treillet/FDD CEA Clinatec.
Figure 6: © La Brèche/CEA Clinatec.

\n
\n

Outline one advantage of testing the exoskeleton in a usability lab.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline one reason why learnability is an important usability objective.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline one reason why registered designs are used to protect intellectual property (IP).

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

The exoskeleton is a very complex design and required the development of mechanical and electronic systems for it to function successfully.

\n

Suggest how the exoskeleton may be developed into a product family.

\n
[5]
\n
d.
\n
\n

Explain why Clinatec have used multidisciplinary teams, observation and personae as part of the development of the exoskeleton.

\n
[9]
\n
e.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Testing happens in a controlled environment;

\n

that is easier to monitor/observe/record;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying an advantage of testing the exoskeleton in a usability lab and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

Learnability refers to how easy it is to learn how to use a product / how intuitive a product is;

\n

this reduces support and training / reduces error rates / enhances user experience / enhances product acceptance / lowers memory burden;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why learnability is an important usability objective and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

A registered design protects a product's (new/distinctive) appearance (shape/form/colors/patterns/ornamentation);

\n

to distinguish it from competitors in the market / stop competitors from copying it;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why registered design is used to protect intellectual property and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
c.
\n
\n

A product family may be developed by using a product development corporate strategy (new/modified products in an existing market);

\n

through user research/market research/user feedback/identified needs;

\n

then developing a range of exoskeletons that share common features/parts/assemblies/technologies/codes;

\n

for example in various sizes/weights/prices/cost;

\n

adapted for a wider range of disabilities/amputees/paraplegic;

\n

and able-bodied people to support them in lifting heavy weights / repetitive load carrying;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point of how the exo-skeleton may be developed into a product family up to [5 max].

\n
d.
\n
\n

Multi-disciplinary teams:
The mind-controlled exoskeleton is a complex product;
which requires specialist skills / expertise from different disciplines;
for more creative problem-solving / as team members brainstorm/exchange/build on each other's ideas;

\n


Observation:
Thibault trained for months in a usability lab;
which provided primary data/feedback;
to evaluate whether the exoskeleton meets users' wants and needs/is usable / to improve the design;

\n


Personae:
Personae are fictional characters that represent the characteristics and lifestyle of the target audience;
they focus the team's understanding of the required needs/challenges/tasks;
to show empathy during design development;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for why Clinatec have used multi-disciplinary teams, as part of the development of the exo-skeleton up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for why Clinatec have used observation as part of the development of the exo-skeleton up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for why Clinatec have used personae as part of the development of the exo-skeleton up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
e.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Most candidates included advantages that are too generic (refer to an example at the end of this report under the average/below average candidate responses). Only well-prepared candidates correctly identified that the testing happens in a controlled environment which is easier to observe. 100% of the candidates attempted this question.

\n
a.
\n
\n

The concept of learnability was one of the most accessible questions in this paper. Surprisingly, 1.3% of candidates did not attempt it.

\n
b.
\n
\n

It was obvious that a high percentage of candidates were not familiar with the concept of ‘registered design’. The majority of them picked up 1 mark for demonstrating an understanding that intellectual property (IP) will stop competitors from copying work. However, only well-prepared candidates knew what a registered design actually protects. The concept of registered design is part of Branding in topic 9, page 79 of the IBO DT Guide. 1.3% of candidates did not attempt this question.

\n
c.
\n
\n

This question required candidates to suggest how the exoskeleton may be developed into a product family. In general, and even though a very similar question appeared in a previous exam, this was perceived as the most difficult of the long-response questions.100% of the candidates attempted this question but the majority only focused on one or two points rather than including five distinct points, therefore none attained a full mark.

\n
d.
\n
\n

In comparison to previous 9-mark questions, this was one of the most accessible. The best responses were structured into three distinct paragraphs and made use of the information provided in the stem. 100% of the candidates attempted this question.

\n
e.
\n
", "question_id": "21N.3.HL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design", "topic-9-innovation-and-markets", "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "7-2-usability", "9-5-branding", "10-2-lean-production", "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)", "7-4-strategies-for-ucd" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Wind turbines, solar cells and lithium batteries convert energy. Which of the following is the correct conversion for solar power?

\n

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Aria asthma inhaler was designed to address the disposable nature of the existing asthma inhaler, see Figure 7. Once the canister runs out it is thrown away.

\n

The design team developed four refillable inhalers. Each targets a different audience; Aria Youth, Aria Contemporary, Aria Sport and Aria Heritage, see Figure 8 and Figure 9.

\n

The Aria asthma inhaler is supported by a smartphone app which offers information on weather and air quality, as well as giving personalised recommendations based on an individual’s use, see Figure 10.

\n

\n


\n

Figure 7: InspiredImages, 2016. Asthma Ventolin Inhaler. [image online] Available at: https://pixabay.com/photos/asthmaventolin-breathe-inhaler-1147735/
Pixabay.com [Accessed 10 September 2020].

\n

Figure 8: [Four design styles of Aria Inhalers] 2019. [image online] Available at: https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/ariainhaler [Accessed 10 September 2020].

\n

Figure 9: [An Aria Inhaler] 2019. [image online] Available at:
https://www.trendhunter.com/trends/aria-inhaler [Accessed 10 September 2020].

\n
\n

Outline how data modelling could have been used in the development of the Aria smartphone app in Figure 10.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain one way how disposable products can have a negative impact on the environment.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain two ways how the design team have addressed the problem of disposability through the design of the Aria asthma inhaler.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Rogers’ characteristics of innovation impact on the rate of consumer adoption of an innovation.

\n

Explain the role of relative advantage, compatibility and observability on the rate of adoption of the Aria asthma inhaler.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Data modelling is used to determine the structure/display/organisation of data;

\n

To communicate the weather/air quality/temperature/humidity/allergens;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason how data modelling could have been used in the development of the Aria smartphone app and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

Disposable products can end up in landfill/incineration;
Toxic materials/waste/gas can leach/escape into the environment;
Causing soil/water/air pollution;

\n

Disposable products require resources to be extracted;
Depleting resource reserves;
Causing habitat destruction/soil degradation/damage to ecosystems;

\n

Disposable products require large scale production;
Which use energy/create pollution in manufacture;
Reducing air/soil/water quality/increasing greenhouse gas/CO2 emissions;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how disposable products can have a negative impact on the environment and [1] for each distinct explanation up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Refillable device;
Cartridge does not need to be replaced when it runs out;
Does not create waste through empty canisters being disposed;

\n

Choice of form/colour/style/different product versions;
Appeals to different target audiences/creates personal attachment;
Which extends product life;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of how the design team have addressed the problem of disposability through the design the Aria asthma inhaler up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n

Do not accept ‘re-use’.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Relative advantage:
How improved an innovation is over a previous generation;
As it uses technology/is refillable
Providing data on individual’s usage/reduces waste;

\n


Compatibility:
How the inhaler is perceived as being assimilated into someone’s life;
The inhaler has four versions (youth, contemporary, sport and heritage);
Attracting a range of target audiences;

\n

How the inhaler is perceived as being compatible with other devices;
The inhaler is supported by a smartphone app;
Which can be used across different technologies/smartphones;

\n


Observability:
The extent to which the product is observable/visible to others;
The inhaler has distinct shape;
Making it more recognisable;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of the role of relative advantage, compatibility and observability on the rate of adoption of the Aria asthma inhaler up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward question. Quite easy to achieve at least one mark or more

\n
a.
\n
\n

An accessible question about disposability that allowed candidates to achieve 1-2 marks quite easily.

\n
b.
\n
\n

The first cluster about being able to refill was answered well in comparison to the second cluster. Many candidates achieved 1-2 marks for cluster one, but only a few achieved similar marks for the second cluster. Many only got 1 mark from cluster two for ‘different target audiences’. Although this was a more challenging question, there were some good responses.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Generally good answers here. Most candidates achieved 2-3 marks in the relative advantage cluster. Some got 1-2 marks in compatibility, but few achieved any marks for the observability cluster.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "21N.2.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling", "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)", "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

McDonald’s fast food restaurants changed to card and paper packaging in 2008. They had previously used Styrofoam plastic. This change reduced the weight and amount of materials used.

\n

What waste mitigation strategy is this an example of?

\n

A. Re-engineering

\n

B. Re-use

\n

C. Reconditioning

\n

D. Dematerialization

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Graphical models are useful for engineers, manufacturers, designers and clients, and vary depending on the context. Which of the following graphical models is most appropriate in the context of an architectural design to present to a client?

\n

A. Assembly drawing

\n

B. Perspective drawing

\n

C. Isometric drawing

\n

D. Orthographic projection

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.13", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-2-graphical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following principles are true of sustainable design?

\n

I. Environmental

\n

II. Economic

\n

III. Social

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.27", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-3-sustainable-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Selective laser sintering can use a range of powdered materials to create products. These materials include…

\n

A. Plastic, metal and glass

\n

B. Ceramics, textiles and wood

\n

C. Plastic, wood and composites

\n

D. Metal, textiles and ceramics

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-5-rapid-prototyping" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Clay models, scale models and prototypes are all examples of which type of modelling?

\n

A. Physical modelling

\n

B. Graphical modelling

\n

C. Functional modelling

\n

D. Conceptual modelling

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.12", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-3-physical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of these is a non-renewable resource?

\n

A. Geothermal

\n

B. Biomass

\n

C. Wind

\n

D. Coal

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following strategies involves stakeholders at a local level?

\n

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.28", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Robots can be used to replace humans in a number of production areas. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of using robots in production?

\n

A. Perform repetitive tasks

\n

B. Work in confined spaces

\n

C. Loss of jobs

\n

D. Highly accurate

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-6-robots-in-automated-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is a major disadvantage of lead acid batteries?

\n

A. They are inefficient

\n

B. They are expensive

\n

C. They contain hazardous chemicals which are harmful to the environment

\n

D. They are unreliable

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Designing parts of a product individually then assembling them together later is known as...

\n

A. Top-down modelling

\n

B. Join together later modelling

\n

C. Bottom-up modelling

\n

D. Assembly modelling

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.13", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following best describes the term brittle?

\n

A. Returns to its original shape after being deformed

\n

B. Can be drawn or extruded into an extended shape

\n

C. Slow and permanent deformation under the influence of mechanical stress

\n

D. Breaks into numerous sharp shards

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.17", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Mouna & Partners are manufacturers who specialize in school classroom furniture, see Figure 3. To meet their customers’ orders and reduce the percentage of products that have to be returned to them, they have adopted a lean production philosophy as well as computer integrated manufacturing (CIM).

\n

\n
\n

Outline one way computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) can enhance quality control.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline how value stream mapping would help Mouna & Partners reduce lead time.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of Mouna & Partners moving towards a just-in-time (JIT) strategy.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

CIM monitors/controls automated manufacturing processes;
resulting in more consistency/accuracy/less defects;

\n

CIM can lead to reduction in the size of the workforce;
which minimizes human error;

\n

CIM automatically reports all functions on factory floor/CIM integrates (links) the entire production system;
which increases efficiency / helps detect defects on the spot (in real time);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) enhances quality control and [1] for a development of that way up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

VSM allows for an overview of all current processes / VSM includes information flow, material flow and time line;

\n

to identify (visually spot) where the delay (problematic area / bottleneck / 7 wastes) is taking place / to maximize flow / reduce time between initiation and execution of a process;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way how value stream mapping (VSM) would help Mouna & Partners reduce lead time and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

Advantage:
no need for large storage space;
as the business partners with suppliers;
and orders parts or components when required;

\n

fewer unsold items;
as production levels are based on customer demand;
items not ordered are not made;

\n

less storage cost;
as Mouna & Partners only manufacture what is ordered;
reducing inventory;

\n


Disadvantage:
unable to meet rapid changes in demand;
as there is no buffer of goods in stock;
so Mouna & Partners may miss potential business opportunities;

\n

risk of manufacturing delay;
if suppliers do not deliver on time;
the business cannot meet its deadlines;

\n

no economies of scale;
as the business does not buy in bulk;
which may drive cost and price up;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying an advantage of Mouna & Partners moving towards a just-in-time strategy and [1] for each subsequent development of that advantage up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for identifying a disadvantage of Mouna & Partners moving towards a just-in-time strategy and [1] for each subsequent development of that disadvantage up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Many achieved at least one mark. The most frequent correct responses referred to fewer defects and minimal human error.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Many achieved at least one mark by identifying how value stream mapping (VSM) helps spot where the delay occurs.

\n
b.
\n
\n

The majority of candidates did quite well in this question. They demonstrated a very good understanding of the just in time strategy. They also structured their responses into a paragraph for advantages and another for disadvantages.

\n
c.
\n
", "question_id": "20N.3.HL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production", "10-1-just-in-time-(jit)-and-just-in-case-(jic)", "10-3-computer-integrated-manufacturing-(cim)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is an advantage of developing radical solutions for clean technology?

\n

A. Manufacturers can benefit from patenting new solutions

\n

B. Manufacturers do not need to invest large sums of money into the solution

\n

C. Manufacturers can make small changes over time

\n

D. Manufacturers can respond to legislation quickly

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars are the best selling sneaker of all time and its design has remained largely unchanged.

\n

In the 1960s, over 90 % of basketball players were wearing Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars and in more recent times the shoe has gained popularity in pop culture and fashion through their portrayal in film, art and music culture.

\n

Which aspects of the Converse Chuck Taylor brand has ensured its ongoing success?

\n

I. A strong user-centred design (UCD)

\n

II. Appeal to different market segments

\n

III. Brand loyalty

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.29", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-5-branding" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of these contributes to a product’s embodied energy?

\n

A. Initial use

\n

B. Disposal

\n

C. Assembly

\n

D. Disassembly

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are in the 4 Ps marketing mix?

\n

I. Product

\n

II. Packaging

\n

III. Place

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.30", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Timber often needs to be treated and finished. Which of the following is a reason for treating and finishing woods with creosote?

\n

A. Improves chemical resistance

\n

B. Reduces attack from borers, wood lice and fungal attack

\n

C. Protects from the weather

\n

D. Improves humidity

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2b-timber" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is true of a thermosetting plastic?

\n

A. Ductile

\n

B. High stiffness

\n

C. Low stiffness

\n

D. Easily reshaped after heating

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Tony’s Chocolonely are the chocolate makers on a mission to make all chocolate 100% slave free. They were founded by Teun Van De Keuken in 2003. Using their 5 Sourcing Principles, Tony’s is helping to enable farmers a living income, raising awareness of inequalities in the chocolate industry one bar at a time, see the logo in Figure 4.

\n

Tony’s Chocolonely has a large product family that offers chocolate bars in a number of different flavours and in two different sizes (47g and 180g). The chocolate bars have unequally divided chocolate pieces, see Figure 4.

\n

Each year between October and December the company introduces three new limited edition chocolate bar flavours. The most popular of these three limited editions is then added to their product range.

\n

\n

Figure 4: Text and images provided with permission from Tony’s Chocolonely.

\n
\n

Describe the corporate strategy that applies to the production of Tony’s Chocolonely chocolate bars between the months of October and December.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline one benefit to the company of creating a product family for the chocolate bars.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline one way that pressure groups may have influenced the development of the Tony’s Chocolonely brand.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how Tony’s Chocolonely have developed a brand identity for the chocolate bar to support their mission.

\n
[5]
\n
d.
\n
\n

Tony’s Chocolonely has made progress towards a sustainable approach.

\n

Suggest one additional strategy Tony’s Chocolonely could use to promote each of the three aspects of triple bottom line sustainability.

\n
[9]
\n
e.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

product development;
new products (new flavours) are introduced into an existing market;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying the corporate strategy that applies to the production of Tony’s Chocolonely chocolate bars between the months of October and December and [1] for a brief description up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

increasing sales / profits / satisfied customers / brand loyalty;
by offering a wide range of choice/tastes;

cost effectiveness;
able to use the same/existing manufacturing capabilities (same machinery, staff, skills, suppliers);

achieves economies of scale;
by buying (similar ingredients) in bulk;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a benefit to the company of creating a product family for the chocolate bars and [1] for a development of up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

utilizing media to draw attention (raise awareness);
to the issues of farmers (workers / inappropriate labour conditions / destruction of rain forests) in the cocoa industry;

\n

exert influence on major chocolate producers;
to change (verify) their cocoa sources / to pay cocoa farmers a higher price / to buy cocoa from farmers paying their workers fair wages;

\n

encourage ethical consumerism of chocolate / provide negative publicity;
to boycott chocolates from untraceable sources / to boycott chocolates that destroy rain forests / to boycott chocolates that exploit farmers (workers);

\n

provide positive publicity;
encouraging consumers to purchase Tony’s Chocolonely chocolates;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one way how pressure groups may have influenced the development of the Tony’s Chocolonely brand and [1] for a development of that way up to [2 max].

\n
c.
\n
\n

brand identity is used to differentiate Tony’s Chocolonely products from its competitors (in the market) / make a strong connection to the consumer / develop loyalty to the product;

\n

the logo with the broken chains;

\n

reflects the removal of inappropriate labour conditions;

\n

appeals to the consumers ethical viewpoint / promotes fair trade;

\n

unequally divided chocolate pieces;

\n

reflect the inequalities in profits in the chocolate industry / reflect the inequalities in the distribution of income from the chocolate bar / reflect the desire to pay the chocolate farmers a fair (or living) wage;

\n

colourful packaging;

\n

reflect optimism in achieving Tony’s Chocolonely mission;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason how Tony’s Chocolonely has developed a brand identity for the choco bar to support their mission and [1] for each subsequent development of that reason up to [5 max].

\n
d.
\n
\n

Social;
putting profits back into the community by building schools, hospitals, supporting charities, etc.;
investing in agricultural (cocoa farming) training;
fighting against cocoa slavery (child labour) / buying traceable cocoa beans;
empowering farmers;
improving workers' living conditions (providing loans);

\n


Environmental;
cleaning water sources / providing clean drinking water;
training farmers to minimize the use of pesticides (chemicals)/utilize organic farming methods;
manufacturing wrapping paper from recycled paper / from sustainably managed forests (Forest Stewardship Council approved) / from local materials;
implementing clean technologies;
eco-labelling their products;

\n


Economic;
expanding the business (into different parts of the world);
introducing more chocolate bar sizes;
applying product development /diversification strategies;
increasing the circle of farmers receiving fair prices (making a decent living);
establishing a long-term relationship with cocoa farmers;
earning fair trade certification;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying an additional strategy Tony’s Chocolonely could use to promote social sustainability and [1] for each subsequent development of up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for identifying an additional strategy Tony’s Chocolonely could use to promote environmental sustainability and [1] for each subsequent development of up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for identifying an additional strategy Tony’s Chocolonely could use to promote economic sustainability and [1] for each subsequent development of up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n

Do not accept any of the existing strategies contained in the stimulus material as follows.
Social - awareness of exploitation of workers
Environmental - preserving rainforests
Economic - fair wages

\n
e.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Even though this is a straightforward question, it ended being a good discriminator since many of the candidates appeared to be unfamiliar with the list of corporate strategies in Topic 9.1. Moreover, some candidates who seemed familiar with this list outlined 'diversification' instead of 'product development' as a strategy.

\n
a.
\n
\n

The majority of the candidates obtained at least one mark demonstrating a good understanding of a product family's benefits. Candidates presented a good range of answers from all clusters.

\n
b.
\n
\n

The majority of the candidates obtained at least one mark, demonstrating a good understanding of how pressure groups may have influenced Tony's Chocolonely brand development. Frequent responses included raising awareness and positive publicity.

\n
c.
\n
\n

High marks were awarded to candidates who read the stimulus material, including Figure 4. For example, the chocolate bars have unequally divided chocolate pieces. Moreover, higher-level thinking candidates were able to deduce correct responses just from Figure 4 — for example, Tony's Chocolonely colourful packaging and the broken chain for their logo.

\n
d.
\n
\n

The majority of candidates were able to obtain at least three marks for this question. However, those who failed to pay attention to the word 'additional' reiterated existing strategies mentioned in the stimulus material, for which no marks were awarded. Moreover, some candidates incorrectly focused on the word 'promote' and discussed promotional strategies and marketing mix for Tony's Chocolonely brand. This meant that high marks were only awarded to those candidates who read this question carefully and showed higher-level thinking extending beyond standard textbook responses. (Suggest one additional strategy Tony's Chocolonely could use to promote each of the three aspects of triple bottom line sustainability).

\n
e.
\n
", "question_id": "20N.3.HL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets", "topic-10-commercial-production", "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "9-1-corporate-strategies", "10-2-lean-production", "8-2-sustainable-consumption", "9-5-branding", "8-1-sustainable-development" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

At what stage in the life cycle of a product will a manufacturer have the least influence?

\n

A. Pre-production

\n

B. Production

\n

C. Distribution

\n

D. Disposal

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.9", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Photochromic materials change in response to what stimulus?

\n

A. Heat

\n

B. Light

\n

C. Electric current

\n

D. Pressure

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following applies to retro styling?

\n

A. A product that uses elements of previous designs updated with new technologies

\n

B. A product that uses the principles of form follows function

\n

C. A product that uses the principles of conflict and compromise

\n

D. A product with timeless appeal

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is a heat treating process?

\n

A. Tempering

\n

B. Warping

\n

C. Seasoning

\n

D. Felting

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.20", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What type of tree is considered “leaf losing”?

\n

A. Coniferous

\n

B. Softwood

\n

C. Deciduous

\n

D. Spruce

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2b-timber" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Greenfeet publishes a sustainability progress report every year which summarizes the total environmental impact of the products it produces, see Figure 1.

\n

\n

In 2018, Greenfeet launched the Vertue shoe with an upper made entirely from plastic recovered from the ocean, see Figure 2. In 2019, Greenfeet expected to make 1.5 million pairs of Vertue shoes from 200 tons of recovered plastic, using approximately 13 bottles per shoe.

\n

\n
\n

In 2019 Greenfeet updated its original Climeate shoe shown in Figure 3, with yarns made from recycled plastic waste collected from beaches. The updated shoe is shown in Figure 4.

\n

\n
\n

Greenfeet has a strategic goal to reduce water use and water pollution. State the percentage of pollution caused by water pollution.

\n
[1]
\n
a.i.
\n
\n

List two consequences of a manufacturing process that uses large quantities of raw materials.

\n
[2]
\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Outline how the Greenfeet Vertue shoe is an example of waste mitigation.

\n
[2]
\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Outline one driver for cleaning up manufacturing.

\n
[2]
\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Outline why sketches would be used in the development of the Greenfeet Vertue shoe.

\n
[2]
\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Explain one physiological factor considered in shoe sole design.

\n
[3]
\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

List one characteristic that the retro-styled Greenfeet Climeate shoe (2019) shares with the original Greenfeet Climeate shoe (2004).

\n
[1]
\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Outline the maximum and minimum percentiles that Greenfeet would use when manufacturing the Climeate shoe.

\n
[2]
\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Describe how the EVA rubber sole of the Greenfeet Climeate shoe could be moulded.

\n
[2]
\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Discuss whether the Greenfeet Climeate shoe (2019) balances the compromise between form and function.

\n
[3]
\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

6% ✓

\n


Award [1] for stating the percentage of Greenfeet’s impact from water pollution.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

Reduction in/depletion of non-renewable resources ✓

\n

Increased energy use from raw material extraction/during manufacturing ✓

\n

Environmental degradation of areas/landscapes where materials are extracted ✓

\n

Negative social impact on communities where materials are extracted ✓

\n

Increases pollution (from processing high quantities of material) ✓

\n

Added wastage ✓

\n

Storage requirements (of materials) ✓

\n


Award [1] for listing each of two consequences of a manufacturing process that uses large quantities of raw materials up to [2 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

The shoe uses waste material (plastics) recovered from the ocean ✓

\n

By recycling it for production of the shoe uppers ✓

\n


Award [1] for identifying how the Greenfeet Vertue shoe is an example of waste mitigation and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n

Do not accept ‘re-use’ or ‘re-purpose’.

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Promoting positive impacts/enhancing image ✓
Which will appeal to customers/increase sales ✓

\n

Ensuring neutral impact or minimizing impacts through conserving natural resources ✓
By recycling waste/promoting the recovery of waste from the ocean ✓

\n

Government targets/legislation ✓
Which can help the manufacturer reduce pollution/use of energy ✓

\n

Reducing wastage of energy/resources ✓
Which can increase profits by lowering production costs ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a driver for cleaning up manufacturing and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

To explore form/style/aesthetics ✓
And easily/quickly/cost effectively communicate to/gather feedback from clients ✓

\n

Freehand/rough drawings of designs/concepts ✓
Can be used to convey/visualise/refine/develop the idea ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why sketches would be used in the development of the Greenfeet Vertue shoe and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Comfort ✓
The design of the sole needs to consider the size/movement of the user ✓
To ensure it does not create any pressure/pain ✓

\n

Fatigue ✓
Users may wear the shoes for long periods of time ✓
And they should be able to flex/feel light/not cause tiredness ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a physiological factor considered in shoe sole design and [1] for each distinct explanation up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

Two diagonal stripes ✓

\n

Similar panel pattern ✓

\n

EVA rubber sole ✓

\n

Colour scheme ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing a characteristic that the retro-styled Greenfeet Climeate shoe (2019) shares with the Greenfeet Climeate shoe (2004) up to [1 max].

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

5th – 95th percentile (of adult population) ✓

\n

To fit the majority of the population ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying the maximum and minimum percentiles that Greenfeet would use when manufacturing the Climeate shoe and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

EVA rubber pieces are placed into the mould✓

\n

And are compression moulded (with heat) ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for describing the process of how the EVA rubber sole of the Greenfeet Climeate shoe is moulded and [1] for identifying the moulding technique [2 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

The shoe is modern/contemporary/minimally styled/fashionably appealing ✓
Whilst still meeting the basic functional requirements of a sports/leisure shoe ✓
Therefore, achieving a good balance between form and function ✓

\n

The shoe is designed/intended as a casual lifestyle shoe ✓
With limited technical features ✓
Therefore, prioritising form over function ✓

\n

The focus of the shoe is to provide comfort/durability ✓
But with limited aesthetic appeal to a wider audience ✓
Therefore, prioritising function over form ✓

\n

 

\n

Accept any valid discussion similar to the 3 suggested clusters.

\n

Award [1] for a distinct point of how the Greenfeet Climeate shoe (2019) balances the compromise between form and function up to [1 max].

\n

OR

\n

Award [1] for a distinct point of how the Greenfeet Climeate shoe (2019) does not balance the compromise between form and function up to [1 max].

\n

Award [1] for an evaluative statement.

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Very straightforward

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

Good range of answers provided

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Quite straightforward, well answered. Most candidates achieved at least one mark.

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Many candidates believed consumer pressure was a driver for cleaning up manufacturing, however it is more a driver for green design (see topics 2.4 & 2.5).

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

A fair question but not well answered. Very few candidates achieved full marks for this question. Although two clusters were provided in the markscheme, many candidate's answers crossed clusters or missed the point in general.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Most candidates answered from the first cluster, mentioning comfort and some were able to gain a second mark, but not many achieved a third mark from either cluster option. This may have been better as a 2 mark question but was a good discriminator.

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

A very easy question, well answered. Most candidates opted for the EVA rubber sole (from the stimulus material) or three diagonal stripes.

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

A reasonably straightforward question with most candidates able to identify the percentile range and good number being awarded two marks.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

A difficult question with very few correct responses. The answers most commonly seen from candidates referred to injection moulding. Many also spoke of a liquid rubber being poured into a mould. Very few went for the most apparent correct method of compression moulding.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

A very easy question regarding form and function that has proved challenging in the past. The mark scheme allowed for any combination of form/function balance or non-balance meaning almost all students were able to achieve at least one mark. The question was a good discriminator though as achieving 3 marks was more challenging in any form of the argument. Arguing for a balanced compromise provided better opportunities for higher marks.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "question_id": "19N.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design", "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics", "topic-4-final-production", "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production", "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form", "1-1a-anthropometrics", "4-5-production-systems", "2-1-resources-and-reserves", "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies", "2-4-clean-technology", "3-2-graphical-modelling", "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of these statements best describes practical function?

\n

I.   A product that focuses on reliability

\n

II.  A product that focuses on functionality

\n

III. A product that focuses on desirability

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What do end-of-pipe technologies achieve?

\n

A. Reduced use of finite resources

\n

B. Reduction of emissions after production

\n

C. Reduction of harmful chemicals before production

\n

D. Improved efficiency of resources being used

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The 501 shrink-to-fit denim jeans is an iconic design. In 2016, Levi’s decided to update the 501 and introduce stretch denim. This change was not popular with customers who had purchased shrink-to-fit denim.

\n

Which of the following characteristics of classic design is shrink-to-fit denim most likely to apply to?

\n

A. Timeless

\n

B. Mass production

\n

C. Image

\n

D. Dominant design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Smart’s Shoes is a company that designs and manufactures comfortable and functional shoes, see Figure 1.

\n

Smart’s Shoes aims to develop sustainable processes and practices in the design and manufacture of their products.

\n

Each year Smart’s Shoes publishes a sustainability report. The infographic in Figure 2 shows an overview of that report.

\n

\n

 

\n

\n
\n

List two ways that Quality Assurance (QA) contributes to quality management.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline how decoupling contributes to Smart’s Shoes sustainable policies and practices.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline one reason why Smart’s Shoes would use lean production to help meet their sustainability goals.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain the benefits of sustainability reporting for manufacturers such as Smart’s Shoes.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Develops processes and systems to prevent defects;

\n

assures products meet the required/consistent quality / ensures the quality of all activities (quality of raw materials, machinery, parts, training, assemblies and products) from design to inspection;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each way how Quality Assurance (QA) contributes to quality management up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

Smart’s Shoes is experiencing economic growth / sold 35 million pairs in 2015 / sold over 250 million pairs to date;

\n

while decreasing its environmental impact / reusing materials / recycling / reducing energy consumption;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how decoupling contributes to Smart’s Shoes sustainable policies and practices, and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

Lean production enables Smart’s Shoes to minimize waste / errors / energy;

\n

which lowers their impact on the environment;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying reason why Smart’s Shoes would use lean production to help meet their sustainability goals and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n
c.
\n
\n

A sustainability report focuses on a company's sustainable (economic, environmental, social and governance) performance;

\n

through reporting targets / impacts / strengths / weaknesses / progress;

\n

demonstrating a commitment to sustainability / increasing transparency;

\n

which boosts their reputation / competitive advantage in the market / sales / innovation / brand loyalty / stakeholders' trust / ability to attract investors / government subsidies;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying the benefits of sustainability reporting for manufacturers such as Smart’s Shoes and [1] for each subsequent explanation up to [4 max].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

This question required two ways that Quality Assurance (QA) contributes to quality management and well prepared candidates correctly listed them (refer to an example at the end of this report under the high scoring candidate responses). However, around 50% of the responses included one and/or two ways from Quality Control (QC) rather than Quality Assurance (QA). For example, many candidates mentioned ‘detecting defects’ (refer to an example at the end of this report under the average/below average candidate responses). Therefore, what was intended as fairly easy became one of the paper’s more challenging questions. Slightly over 5% of candidates did not attempt this question.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Even though the infographic included in question 1 provided enough information to attain a full mark, around 50% of the candidates did not show a good understanding of decoupling and were unable to benefit from this information. Surprisingly, around 8% of the candidates did not attempt this question.

\n
b.
\n
\n

On average the majority of candidates managed to obtain at least one mark. 100% of the candidates attempted this question.

\n
c.
\n
\n

This long response question asked the candidates to explain the benefits of sustainability reporting for manufacturers such as Crocs. Majority of candidates managed to obtain one or 2 marks. Most popular responses included ‘brand loyalty’ and ‘transparency’. Only the stronger candidates explained the benefits of ‘focusing on a company's sustainable performance’ and ‘reporting progress/strengths/weaknesses’ and managed to achieve higher marks. 100% of the candidates attempted this question.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "21N.3.HL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production", "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "10-4-quality-management", "8-1-sustainable-development", "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is true of timber finishing and treatment?

\n

I. It protects against insects and fungi

\n

II. It protects against moisture

\n

III. It allows the material to be recycled easier when no longer needed

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.17", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2b-timber" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Natural textile fibres are animal and plant based. Which of the following are properties of natural fibres?

\n

A. High absorbency: Burns with a flame, but does not melt

\n

B. Low absorbency: Melts when heated

\n

C. High absorbency: Melts when heated

\n

D. Low absorbency: Burns with a flame, but does not melt

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.21", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2e-textiles" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following terms best describes being aware of what is happening around you?

\n

A. Psychological understanding

\n

B. Telepathy

\n

C. Alertness

\n

D. Perception

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.2", "topics": [], "subtopics": [] }, { "Question": "
\n

What manufacturing process uses a laser to harden liquid resin?

\n

A. Fused deposition modelling (FDM)

\n

B. Laminated object manufacture (LOM)

\n

C. Paper-based rapid prototyping

\n

D. Stereolithography

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-4-manufacturing-processes" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Metals and metallic alloys are easily recyclable. Which of the following is an example of an alloy?

\n

A. Concrete

\n

B. Mild steel

\n

C. Iron

\n

D. Carbon fibre

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are innovation strategies?

\n

I. Market pull and technology push

\n

II. Property recovery and waste mitigation

\n

III. Act of insight and analogy

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-3-strategies-for-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are drivers for green design?

\n

I.   Cheap set up costs

\n

II.  Consumer pressure

\n

III. Government legislation

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are Intellectual Property (IP) symbols?

\n

I. ™

\n

II. ®

\n

III. 

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.SL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which combination of cooling type and grain structure is correct?

\n

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of these contributes to a product’s embodied energy?

\n

A. Initial use

\n

B. Disposal

\n

C. Assembly

\n

D. Disassembly

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What type of design and manufacture mimics biological processes?

\n

A. Cradle to grave design

\n

B. Sustainable design

\n

C. Green design

\n

D. Cradle to cradle design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

If you were designing a cell/mobile phone which of the following anthropometric data would be relevant?

\n

I. Width of hand

\n

II. Stature

\n

III. Grip diameter

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What process will increase the toughness of a metal?

\n

A. Normalizing

\n

B. Annealing

\n

C. Tempering

\n

D. Hardening

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.20", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services. Which of the following building materials would have the lowest levels of embodied energy?

\n

A. Steel

\n

B. Stone

\n

C. Concrete

\n

D. Plastic

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Who is best suited to help an invention to market, often by financing development and production?

\n

A. Lone inventor

\n

B. Product champion

\n

C. Entrepreneur

\n

D. Early adopters

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-4-stakeholders-in-invention-and-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is an advantage of rapid prototyping for the designer?

\n

A. It allows models to be made that record data

\n

B. It allows designers to simulate stress within parts

\n

C. It allows models to be made quickly for ergonomic testing

\n

D. It allows for feedback via a sense of touch

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-5-rapid-prototyping" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain one strategy a musician would use to protect a new song.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Copyright ✓

\n

A legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive ownership for its use and distribution (Usually for a limited time and within geographical boundaries) ✓

\n

This protects the song as people who copy/download/play the song (illegally) will be required to compensate the musician for the infringement ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a strategy a musician would use to protect a new song and [1] for each distinct explanation up to [3 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward question about IP protection yet not all candidates obtained full marks. Candidates showed a better understanding of the copyright than compared to students in past recent papers. Almost all candidates identified copyright as the correct strategy and many were able to provide at least one additional point to support an explanation of this strategy.

\n
", "question_id": "19N.2.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Cradle to grave is a linear economy based on the make, use, dispose model. What model is cradle to cradle based on?

\n

A. Reduce, re-use, recycle

\n

B. Multidisciplinary approach

\n

C. Made to be made again

\n

D. Conflict and compromise

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What material would be used in the compression moulding process?

\n

A. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

\n

B. Carbon fibre

\n

C. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

\n

D. Urea-formaldehyde

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following terms best describes the process of using a solution in one field to solve a problem in another field?

\n

A. Analogy

\n

B. Transfer

\n

C. Technology push

\n

D. Adaptation

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-3-strategies-for-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Dematerialization refers to the reduction of…

\n

I. Energy

\n

II. Material

\n

III. Design

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain one advantage of using second generation robots instead of first generation robots in manufacturing.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Second-generation robots can perform a range of (complex) tasks ✓
Using various/different inputs and outputs ✓
Making manufacturing faster/more efficient/lower cost ✓

\n

Second-generation robots are equipped with sensors ✓
That can provide information about their surroundings/allow them to synchronize with each other ✓
And do not require constant supervision by a human ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of the advantage of using second generation robots instead of first generation robots in manufacturing.

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Another straightforward question that still only saw a few candidates able to achieve full marks. A number of responses crossed clusters. Most candidates understood the concept of second generation robots well, but many were simply listing characteristics rather than developing an explanation of an advantage. Many candidates achieved 1-2 marks and a few were able to achieve full marks, while a number also compared first and second generation robots.

\n
", "question_id": "19N.2.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-6-robots-in-automated-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What best describes a second generation robot?

\n

A. A robot that works completely autonomously

\n

B. A robot that has sensors allowing it to adapt to changes in its environment

\n

C. A robot that has to be constantly supervised when in use

\n

D. A robot that can only carry out a single task

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-6-robots-in-automated-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 1 shows design for environment software that can be used to analyse the environmental impact of a component using life cycle analysis (LCA).

\n

\n

The software generates a sustainability report, see Figure 2. This can be used by designers and manufacturers to make informed choices regarding the environmental impact of the component.

\n

\n
\n

Design for environment software can be used to calculate the energy consumed if the component was made from different materials. The pie charts in Figure 3 show the energy consumed by ABS and aluminium at the pre-production, production, distribution and disposal stages of the product life cycle for the component. The unit of measurement of energy is megajoules (MJ).

\n

\n
\n

State one reason why the product was designed to only last two years.

\n
[1]
\n
a.i.
\n
\n

Outline one reason why using injection moulding has resulted in a low estimated material unit cost.

\n
[2]
\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Outline how finite element analysis (FEA) could be used to further develop the process during the component’s manufacture by injection moulding.

\n
[2]
\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Outline why solid modelling rather than surface modelling would have been used in the computer-aided design (CAD) development of the component designed in Figure 1.

\n
[2]
\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Outline one possible impact on the sustainability report in Figure 2 if the material of the component is changed from a thermoplastic to a thermosetting plastic.

\n
[2]
\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Explain one waste mitigation strategy the designer could use to reduce the percentage of ABS sent to landfill at the end of the product’s life.

\n
[3]
\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

List one reason why the design for environment software does not generate a result for energy consumed at the utilization stage of the product lifecycle.

\n
[1]
\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Calculate the embodied energy of the component if it is made from ABS. Give your answer to one decimal point and show your workings.

\n
[2]
\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Outline why the energy consumed at the pre-production stage is greater for aluminium than for ABS.

\n
[2]
\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Explain how end-of-pipe technologies can reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing.

\n
[3]
\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

planned obsolescence;

\n

allows for new technologies to be introduced;

\n

allows for continued sales;

\n

allows for improved safety in later generations;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for stating one reason why the product was designed to only last two years.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

less material is wasted (through errors);
by re-introducing excess plastic/high accuracy/consistency;

\n

injection moulding is suitable for shaping plastic material;
ABS is an inexpensive material;

\n

high volume/high speed/continuous flow/24/7/ method of production;
takes advantage of economies of scale;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason why the use of injection moulding has resulted in a low estimated material unit cost and [1] for a development of that reason up to [2 max].

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

FEA is used in the calculation/simulation of unknown factors of flow/thermal/stress analysis;

\n

to optimize the mould/change the thickness (of the material/wall);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason why FEA could be used to further develop the process during the component’s manufacture by injection moulding and [1] for a development of that reason up to [2 max].

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

solid models contain data regarding mass/volume;
this data is required for virtual prototyping/FEA/design for the environment software to generate accurate results;

\n

solid models provide a complete set of data allowing the product to be realized/tested/virtually prototyped/undergo FEA;
surface models contain no data about wall thickness/interior (components) of the part;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason why solid modelling rather than surface modelling would have been used in the CAD development of the component designed in Figure 1 and [1] for a development of that reason up to [2 max].

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

increases landfill/reduces recycling rate;
as thermoset plastics are difficult to recycle (due to their stronger bonds);

\n

increases duration of use;
as thermoset plastics are generally harder/stronger/more heat/creep resistant than thermoplastics;

changes the manufacturing process (to compression moulding);
as thermoset plastics are more difficult to injection mould;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one possible impact on the sustainability report in Figure 2 if the material of the component is changed from a thermoplastic to a thermosetting plastic and [1] for a development of that impact up to [2 max].

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

recycle;
material labelling the component;
which allows for easy material sorting/separation;

\n

dematerialization;
reduction of volume of material/ABS used in each component;
which reduces processing/energy/waste;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a waste mitigation strategy the designer could use to reduce the percentage of ABS sent to landfill at end of the products life and [1] for each subsequent development of that strategy up to [3 max].

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

the component does not consume energy during utilization;

\n

the software cannot predict/know how often/how long/the way in which the product is used;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing a reason why the design for environment software does not generate a result for energy consumed at the utilization stage of the product lifecycle up to [1 max].

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

a)  0.933+0.224+0.004+0.004=1.1655;

\n

     or

\n

b)  0.933+0.224=1.157;

\n

    =1.2 MJ;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for a correct answer.
Award [1] for the correct workings.

\n

Embodied energy refers to either:

\n

a)  total energy consumed throughout the lifecycle of a product (cradle-to-grave)

\n

      or

\n

b)  total energy consumed in production (cradle-to-[factory]gate).

\n

The unit MJ must be included to award the second mark.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

aluminium requires mining/extraction from ore/bauxite;
which is energy-intensive;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why the energy consumed at the pre-production stage is greater for aluminium than for ABS and [1] for an appropriate development up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award a mark for only stating mining/extraction. Response must also include a reference to ore/bauxite.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

end-of-pipe technologies reduce pollutants/waste at the end of a process;
by using filters;
to prevent contamination of soil/air/water;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for how each distinct point is an explanation of how end-of-pipe technologies can reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing up to [3 max].

\n

Do not accept 'reduces environmental impact'.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward, but not all candidates identified why the product was only designed to last for 2 years.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

A good range of answers were provided but many only obtained one mark.

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Many candidates demonstrated a limited understanding of FEA.

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Many candidates only provided a simple or generic understanding of solid and surface modelling and struggled to articulate their answers in response to the question.

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Quite straightforward, well answered. Many candidates achieved at least one mark.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

A fair question and a good discriminator, as identifying the strategy was easy for most candidates, however very few elaborated correctly on the recycle cluster, achieving no subsequent marks. A good number of those who identified dematerialisation also achieved the second mark, but not the third. A number of students cited incentives such as returning the product for a refund, but this would be unlikely for a product of this type and it is not a waste mitigation strategy.

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

A very easy question, well answered. Most candidates identified that the product does not consume energy during utilization or that the software could not predict how the product would be used.

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

A straightforward question with most candidates able to complete the calculation from the data provided and being awarded two marks.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

A fair question but only a few candidates explained that aluminium needs to be extracted from ore/bauxite.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

A straightforward question that allowed a range of marks for candidates who understood the concept and utilisation of end of pipe technologies. Many candidates were able to achieve 1-2 marks but very few achieved 3.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "question_id": "20N.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-4-final-production", "topic-3-modelling", "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design", "2-4-clean-technology", "5-5-product-life-cycle", "4-4-manufacturing-processes", "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)", "8-1-sustainable-development", "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which type of analysis would you use to simulate unknown factors, such as stresses within a joint, in products?

\n

A. Market analysis

\n

B. Finite element analysis (FEA)

\n

C. Life cycle analysis (LCA)

\n

D. Work flow analysis

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which type of glass would be used when constructing a car windscreen?

\n

A. Toughened glass

\n

B. Soda glass

\n

C. Borosilicate glass

\n

D. Laminated glass

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2c-glass" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Anglepoise lamp was originally designed in 1932 by George Carwardine and is considered a classic design. The Anglepoise lamp has undergone many iterations since 1932 and is now mass-produced as a modern consumer product, see Figure 4.

\n

Many designers have been influenced by the Anglepoise lamp. The Agency of Design, a design company, set themselves a challenge to redesign the Anglepoise lamp by using the lowest possible embodied energy. The lamp is made from a hardwood structure with a bottle cork as an adjustment mechanism, see Figure 5.

\n

Figure 4: A modern version of the Anglepoise lamp

\n

\n

Figure 5: The Agency of Design redesign

\n

\n

Figure 4: Image of the Anglepoise Original 1227 lamp shown with permission by Anglepoise Limited.

\n

Figure 5: The Agency of Design, 2010. A 10-megajoule lamp. Available at:
https://agencyofdesign.co.uk/projects/designing-with-energy. With permission from The Agency of Design.

\n
\n

Describe how the designer of the modern Anglepoise lamp in Figure 4 has achieved a compromise between form and function.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline one aesthetic characteristic of hardwood that makes it suitable for use in the redesigned Anglepoise lamp.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

form:
angled body/minimalist style/curved shade;

\n

function:
adjustable/light can be focused on different work areas;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how the designer of the modern Anglepoise lamp in Figure 4 has achieved a compromise between form and function and [1] for an appropriate development of it up to [2 max].

\n

Do not accept ‘Aesthetics’ without context or reference.

\n
a.
\n
\n

appearance/visual appeal/attractive;
wood grain/colour/quality;

\n

texture;
hardwood has a natural/warm feel;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one aesthetic characteristic of hardwood that makes it suitable for use in the redesigned Anglepoise lamp and [1] for a development of that characteristic it up to [2 max].

\n

Do not accept ‘Has a nice aesthetic’.

\n
b.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward, allowed many candidates to achieve full marks.

\n
a.
\n
\n

A difficult question for many with very few correct or well-articulated responses. The answers most commonly seen from candidates referred to colour or texture, but few could elaborate on the aesthetic characteristic in reference to the hardwood used for the lamp. Some mentioned the fact that hardwood trees are deciduous, and others wrote that finishes can be applied but neither of these answers apply to the question.

\n
b.
\n
", "question_id": "20N.2.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design", "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form", "4-2b-timber" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Some villages near Siem Reap in Cambodia have problems with waste, in this case plastic bags, polluting the landscape.

\n

Salin and Michael of the Treak Community Centre near Siem Reap have developed an innovative way of dealing with the issue of plastic bag waste.

\n

Plastic bags collected by the Treak community are placed on a bed of sand that is heated by a fire. This shrinks the bags and makes them stiffer. The bags are then shredded into small chunks with scissors, see Figure 10. The shredded plastic is then used as a substitute for aggregate in concrete which is mixed by hand, see Figure 11. This concrete is then moulded into bricks, see Figure 12 and Figure 13, that can be used for construction.

\n

40 % of the bricks used for the Treak Community Centre were made using this method. The remaining 60 % of bricks are standard clay construction bricks.

\n

\n
\n

Outline why these bricks are an example of a composite material.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain why prototypes would be used in the testing and evaluation of the brick made by the Treak community.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Designers use specifications to guide development and evaluation. Suggest the cost constraints and material requirements for the Treak Village plastic brick.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how the manufacture of the Treak Village plastic brick addresses the green design objectives of materials, energy and waste.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A composite is a material comprised of two or more materials (with different properties) ✓

\n

Which combine to create a stronger material ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why these bricks are an example of a composite material and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Prototypes are used to test a concept or process/act as an object to be replicated/learned from ✓

\n

This helps evaluate the strength of the bricks ✓

\n

And determine the optimum combination/percentage/ratio/mixing of materials ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why prototypes would be used in the testing and evaluation of the Treak Village plastic brick.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Cost constraints:
There should not be any added costs to the production of the bricks ✓
Including labour/raw materials/machinery/tools/equipment ✓
To keep them affordable for the local community ✓

\n

Material requirements:
Properties of the material should not be decreased by the introduction of the plastic fibres ✓
To ensure/maintain compressive strength of the brick ✓
Making the bricks be able to withstand a load/fit for purpose ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points that suggest the cost constraints and material requirements for the Treak Village plastic brick.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Materials:
The plastic brick uses plastic produced from waste ✓
This replaces the aggregate/stone that would otherwise be used in the brick ✓
Reducing the quantity of raw materials used in the production of the brick ✓

\n

Energy:
The concrete for the plastic bricks is mixed/moulded by hand/locally ✓
This requires less energy than manufacturing bricks commercially ✓
Reducing energy used in production/transportation ✓

\n

Waste:
The plastic brick reduces the amount of waste remaining/circulating in the environment ✓
By recycling the plastic found locally ✓
So it is no longer visually polluting/causing contamination ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the manufacture of the Treak Village plastic brick addresses the green design objectives of materials, energy and waste.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward question with good responses.

\n
a.
\n
\n

This should have been fairly straightforward with the mark scheme providing opportunities for candidates to obtain marks. Although it is a good question, the issue may have been that concrete is a composite in its own right and adding plastic makes it another type of combination. The question has added complexity by asking candidates to explain why the prototypes would need to be tested which related to strength and mixing ratios.

\n
b.
\n
\n

There were mixed responses here and limited understanding particularly of cost constraints in relation to the plastic brick. The mark scheme contained answers that were designed to enable candidates to gain marks from both clusters, meaning many candidates were able to pick up at least 1 or 2 marks from each. There was some reference back to Question 6b and also forward in Question 6d. There is also no specific reference to cost constraints or material requirements in either the design guide or the glossary, however Topic 5.7 does cover design and marketing specifications.

\n
c.
\n
\n

A good question which allowed a good range marks to be obtained. Candidates answered well from all three green design objective areas with the energy cluster providing the best responses. Materials was generally well answered but there were some cross cluster responses here too.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "19N.2.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-3-modelling", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2f-composites", "3-3-physical-modelling", "5-7-innovation-design-and-marketing-specifications", "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The grain size in a metal can affect the properties. Which of the following statements are true?

\n

I. The larger the grains, the more brittle the metal

\n

II. The smaller the grains, the more brittle the metal

\n

III. The larger the grains, the more ductile the metal

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 6 shows a coffee maker design from the 1930s. It is widely considered a design classic and is still used today.

\n

Figure 6: A coffee maker

\n

\n

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moka2.jpg
Imm808 – Wikimedia Commons]

\n

 

\n

Which of these factors may have contributed to its status as a classic design?

\n

I. It could be mass produced easily

\n

II. It was the dominant design for coffee makers for many years

\n

III. It transcended its function by being used as decoration in many kitchens

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.SL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

When does an invention become an innovation?

\n

A. When it has been protected by copyright

\n

B. When it is first manufactured

\n

C. When it is the first to market

\n

D. When it diffuses into the market

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

According to Rogers there are five categories of consumer. Which of the following best describes an Innovator?

\n

A. Minimal exposure to media

\n

B. Risk taker

\n

C. Resistant to change

\n

D. Resistant to peer pressure

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-6-rogers-characteristics-of-innovation-and-consumers" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Product life cycle is a tool for mapping out the four stages of a product’s commercial life.
The four stages are launch, growth, maturity and decline. Which of the following occurs in the decline stage?

\n

A. Obsolescence

\n

B. Design development

\n

C. Continuous flow

\n

D. Prototypes

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.20", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-5-product-life-cycle" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Rogers identifies five characteristics that impact on consumer adoption of an innovation. Which of the following terms best describes Rogers’ characteristic of relative advantage?

\n

A. Increased effectiveness of a new product over an existing one

\n

B. The level of compatibility that an innovation has to be assimilated into an individual’s life

\n

C. If the innovation is perceived as complicated or difficult to use, an individual is unlikely to adopt it

\n

D. When it is a success in the market

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-6-rogers-characteristics-of-innovation-and-consumers" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Jeffrey Rubin describes four usability objectives. Which of the following terms best fits the usability objective of designing a product that enables a user to achieve their goals?

\n

A. Usefulness

\n

B. Effectiveness

\n

C. Learnability

\n

D. Attitude

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-2-usability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

With the growth in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR)* there has been an increasing interest in virtual interaction design.

\n

Mixed reality interfaces can be accessed by the user through wearing mixed reality glasses. The software maps the physical environment and matches the size of the virtual interface to the size of the user’s hand.

\n

Figure 6 and Figure 7 show a user interacting with virtual menus linked to physical objects in the environment.

\n

\n

Figure 6: Images provided with permission from Ultraleap.

\n

\n
\n

* mixed reality (MR): overlays and anchors virtual objects to the real world

\n
\n

Explain one physiological benefit to the user of interactions through a mixed reality interface instead of a physical interaction with the product.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

reduced fatigue/improved biomechanics;
as interface requires less physical effort/less force;
allowing greater productivity/less risk of harm to the user (when working over long periods of time);

\n

enhanced comfort;
as the software maps the size of the user's hand (and physical environment);
to automatically scale the interface/reduce reach;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a physiological benefit to the user of interactions through a mixed reality interface instead of a physical interaction with the product and [1] for each subsequent development of that physiological benefit up to [3 max].

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A somewhat complex question in which many candidates were only able to achieve 1 mark or 2 if they understood the relationship to comfort and fatigue.

\n
", "question_id": "20N.2.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Tesla Powerwall is a home battery that charges using electricity generated from solar panels or when utility rates are low, and powers users’ homes in the evening.

\n

The Tesla Powerwall is an example of how individual action contributes towards energy sustainability.

\n

Which of the following terms best describes this?

\n

A. Macro energy sustainability

\n

B. Energy demand

\n

C. Micro energy sustainability

\n

D. Decoupling

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The use of newspapers, magazines, encyclopaedias and annual reports to conduct research is known as…

\n

A. A literature search

\n

B. An expert appraisal

\n

C. A user trial

\n

D. Focus groups

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.31", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-4-market-research" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Organic cotton uses non-genetically modified plants and is grown without the use of any pesticides. Clothing manufacturers can be involved at the growth stage of this material, right through to seeing it made into products given to retailers.

\n

What is this an example of?

\n

A. Sustainability reporting

\n

B. Decoupling

\n

C. Product stewardship

\n

D. Eco-labelling

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-1-sustainable-development" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is true of just-in-case (JIC) inventory management?

\n

A. Guarantees that products will be available

\n

B. Reduces inventory costs

\n

C. Enables lean production

\n

D. Efficient use of materials

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.32", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-1-just-in-time-(jit)-and-just-in-case-(jic)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What best describes a physical model that can be used to test ergonomic features but does not function?

\n

A. Scale model

\n

B. Prototype

\n

C. Mock-up

\n

D. Instrumented model

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.13", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-3-physical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Biopol is a plastic manufactured from plant materials. It can be placed in landfill or composted at the end of its useful life and will decompose harmlessly far quicker than conventional plastic.

\n

Which of Datschefski’s principles of sustainable design does this satisfy?

\n

A. Solar

\n

B. Efficient

\n

C. Social

\n

D. Cyclic

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-3-sustainable-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Zuperzozial is a Dutch company that manufactures a range of kitchenware (plates, cups, serving utensils, and vessels) from biodegradable bioplastic that is made from renewable resources (such as, corn, sugar cane and grain), see Figure 14.

\n

\n

The environmentally conscious kitchenware is stylish and durable. It also has a similar weight, feel, performance and dimensions to existing ceramic products. Zuperzozial are distributing their product through specialist kitchen stores, where they are displayed alongside conventional kitchenware. Zuperzozial needs to sell the kitchenware at a slightly higher cost than conventional kitchenware to recover the cost of the new technology used to manufacture using bioplastics.

\n
\n

Outline one psychological factor the Zuperzozial kitchenware’s designers need to consider.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain one physical property that the material used in the Zuperzozial kitchenware needs to possess.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain one advantage of using Finite element analysis (FEA) and one advantage of using physical models for testing the Zuperzozial kitchenware.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how Rogers’ characteristics of relative advantage, compatibility and observability help in the diffusion of the Zuperzozial kitchenware.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Taste ✓
The kitchenware should not release any chemical/taste/flavour/residue/contamination onto the food being served ✓

\n

Smell ✓
The kitchenware should not release any unpleasant odour/smell ✓

\n

Sound ✓
The kitchenware should be smooth to make it easy to clean/use ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one psychological factor the Zuperzozial kitchenware needs to consider and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Hardness ✓
The kitchenware needs to resist scratching ✓
When used with knives/forks/cutlery on its surface ✓

\n

Weight ✓
The kitchenware must not be too heavy ✓
Which would make it difficult to use/hold/carry ✓

\n

Thermal conductivity ✓
The kitchenware should not readily conduct excess heat ✓
When used with hot food/warming food (in an oven) ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of one physical property that the material used in the Zuperzozial kitchenware needs to possess up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks between clusters.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Finite Element Analysis:
FEA allows the calculation and simulation of unknown factors in products using CAD systems ✓
Which can be used to test the mechanical/physical properties (accept compressive strength/tensile strength/toughness/hardness/density/weight/mass) ✓
And allows for quick/easy/cost effective modifications to the design (based on the results of testing) ✓

\n


Physical models:
Physical models allow the creation of a tangible version of an object that can be physically interacted with ✓
To help evaluate size/proportions/texture of the design ✓
Which would provide more accurate/realistic feedback ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of the advantages of using FEA and physical models for testing the Zuperzozial kitchenware.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Relative advantage:
How improved an innovation is over the previous generation ✓
The Zuperzozial kitchenware present an improvement over previous plates as they are made using biodegradable/ green materials ✓
This is important because consumers are unlikely to consider something more expensive unless they can see that it has an advantage ✓

\n


Compatibility:
The level of compatibility that an innovation has to be assimilated into an individual’s life ✓
The Zuperzozial plates have the same dimensions/characteristics/properties as existing plates so they are easily compatible with an individual’s life ✓
It is important to consumers that the plates can work with the existing meals/storage/dishwasher/systems that they use ✓

\n


Observability:
The extent that an innovation is visible to others ✓
Consumers can observe the Zuperzozial products via kitchen stores/TV/magazines/social media/websites ✓
Which helps to diffuse the product into the market ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how Rogers’ characteristics of relative advantage, compatibility and observability help in the diffusion of the Zuperzozial kitchenware.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A straightforward question but many candidates are still unsure about what the psychological factors are with many still talking about colour and aesthetics. Still, a number of students did opt for texture and achieved at least one mark and in some cases two marks.

\n
a.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
b.
\n
\n

A slightly more challenging question about the advantages of FEA and physical modelling for the kitchenware. Although fairly straightforward to answer with good opportunities to achieve marks from the 2 clusters provided, it is possible that FEA would not be used with this type of product. There are also many different factors that FEA aims to test that were too numerous to list in the mark scheme.

\n
c.
\n
\n

This was the most straightforward of the three 9 mark questions for those who with good knowledge of Topic 5, Innovation and design, and in particular Rogers characteristics of innovation. Many candidates were able to achieve in the 7-9 mark range for this question. Those who were not as familiar with Roger's characteristics however generally only achieved in the 2-5 mark range.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "19N.2.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics", "topic-3-modelling", "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials", "1-1b-psychological-factors", "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)", "5-6-rogers-characteristics-of-innovation-and-consumers" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following would affect the choice of a production system?

\n

I. Labour

\n

II. Skills and training

\n

III. Impact on the environment

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-5-production-systems" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which type of consumer would be most likely to join a protest by an environmental pressure group?

\n

A. Eco-warrior

\n

B. Eco-phobe

\n

C. Eco-fan

\n

D. Eco-champion

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.27", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-2-sustainable-consumption" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is a permanent joining method?

\n

A. Nuts and bolts

\n

B. Screws

\n

C. Fusing

\n

D. Velcro

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-4-manufacturing-processes" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Brand identity can be changed to appeal to different market segments by considering which of the following?

\n

I.   Geographical location

\n

II.  Gender

\n

III. Culture

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.29", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-5-branding" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Composite fibres can be soaked with a liquid polymer resin and then pulled through a heated die to form parts such as tubes. What is this process called?

\n

A. Pultrusion

\n

B. Laminating

\n

C. Moulding

\n

D. Extrusion

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.17", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-4-manufacturing-processes" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which term describes a price setting strategy of adding expenses involved in production, design and distribution as well as the desired profit?

\n

A. Psychological pricing

\n

B. Product line pricing

\n

C. Cost-plus pricing

\n

D. Demand pricing

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.30", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Petra Care is a company that assembles standard wheelchairs. The wheelchair parts are sent to their factory where they are assembled into final products. After carrying out value stream mapping and workflow analysis the company realized they needed to improve efficiency. To do this they changed their factory layout, see Figure 2, and implemented strategies for sorting and stabilizing the tools, see Figure 3.

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization]

\n


\n
\n

List two of the seven wastes eliminated by the new factory layout.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline why Petra Care used value stream mapping to improve the efficiency of assembling the wheelchairs.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline one reason, other than cost, why this factory did not adopt computer integrated manufacturing (CIM).

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Maximising flow is one of the strategies used in lean production.

\n

Explain how sorting and stabilising the tools as shown in Figure 3 contributes to maximising flow at Petra Care.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Motion / movement ✓

\n

Transporting ✓

\n

Waiting ✓

\n

Defects ✓

\n

 

\n

Do not accept inventory, overproduction, or over processing.

\n

Award [1] for listing each waste eliminated by the new factory layout up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

Value stream mapping is used to analyse current (existing) processes ✓

\n

to visually spot (identify) wastes (weaknesses, aspects that do not add value) / to suggest an improved factory layout / to speed up assembly / to understand the flow of materials / to analyse information flow throughout the complete manufacturing process ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why Petra Care used value stream mapping to improve the efficiency of assembling the wheelchairs and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
b.
\n
\n

This company only assembles standard wheelchairs ✓
and does not require changeover ✓

\n

Small scale production ✓
which does not justify the change ✓

\n

Petra wishes to keep its employees ✓
who would otherwise lose their jobs if they adopt CIM ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why this factory did not adopt computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Stabilize / Setting in order means tools are arranged ✓

\n

to make them easy to find and put away ✓

\n

Sorting means unnecessary tools have been removed from the workplace ✓

\n

leading to a more organized workplace ✓

\n

thus, reducing waiting (time wasted looking for tools) / reducing motion / speeding up the process of assembling the wheelchairs ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how sorting and stabilizing apply to the organization of the tools and [1] for each distinct explanation up to [4 max].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Even though this question directly asked candidates to list two of the seven wastes, very few answered this correctly.

\n
a.
\n
\n

The majority of candidates were able to score at least 1 mark.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Candidates were able to score at least 1 mark. Most correct responses focused on the social aspect and job losses.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Few candidates were able to score a full mark as many confused sorting with stabilizing. Candidates mainly earned marks for stating that tools would be easier to find therefore reducing time wasted looking for them.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "19N.3.HL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production", "10-3-computer-integrated-manufacturing-(cim)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which fibre has the following properties?

\n\n

A. Wool

\n

B. Cotton

\n

C. Silk

\n

D. Polyester

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2e-textiles" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which is true of the following statements regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

\n

I.   CSR can be defined as the belief that a company needs to be responsible for its actions

\n

II.  CSR only considers the economic impact of its business model

\n

III. CSR is often published as part of a company’s corporate objectives

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.31", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-1-corporate-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is a pricing strategy where a company will add a percentage to the total cost of a product?

\n

A. Demand pricing

\n

B. Competitor-based pricing

\n

C. Cost-plus pricing

\n

D. Psychological pricing

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.33", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-5-economic-viability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Plastic products often have a symbol moulded onto them. What is the reason for this?

\n

A. To make them easier to manufacture

\n

B. So consumers can make choices on what to buy

\n

C. To show that they are non toxic

\n

D. To make them easier to identify, separate and recycle

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 10 shows computer integrated manufacturing (CIM).

\n

Figure 10: Computer integrated manufacturing

\n

\n

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robot_worker.jpg
Mountain at Shanghai Science and Technology Museum (Wikimedia Commons)]

\n

CIM is a system that uses computers to integrate production, business and manufacturing in order to create more efficient production lines.

\n

Which of the following are elements of CIM?

\n

I.   Extraction of raw materials

\n

II.  Tracking of financial resources

\n

III. Manufacturing final product

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.32", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-3-computer-integrated-manufacturing-(cim)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The regulation of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components is referred to as…

\n

A. Quality control (QC)

\n

B. Quality assurance (QA)

\n

C. Statistical process control (SPC)

\n

D. Standardization

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.34", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-4-quality-management" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain why consumers of first to market technologies are likely to be innovators.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

innovators take risks;
by actively seeking/being the first to adopt the most up to date technologies;
despite the fact the innovation/product/technology may not be a success;

\n

innovators tend to set fashions/trends;
by purchasing/being seen with products containing new technologies;
to increase social status;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a a reason why consumers of first-to market technologies are likely to be innovators and [1] for each subsequent development of that reason up to [3 max].

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Another straightforward question that only saw a few candidates able to achieve full marks. One mark was easily achieved for stating risk, but the second and third marks were more discriminating or across different clusters.

\n
", "question_id": "20N.2.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following terms best describes the most efficient way of designing and producing a product from the manufacturer’s point of view?

\n

A. Cost effectiveness

\n

B. Target costs

\n

C. Cost analysis

\n

D. Cost assurance

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.33", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-5-economic-viability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

It is estimated that shipping is responsible for between 2 and 3 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions. The United Nations’ International Maritime Organization (UNIMO) has set targets for shipping companies to reduce their current emissions by at least 50 percent by 2050. In response to this requirement, designers are working on clean technologies to power large ships.

\n

Rotor sails made from carbon glass fibre are one example of a clean technology. Rotor sails were first developed in the 1920s but interest in them was not revived until the early 21st century, see Figure 11.

\n

Electricity powers a mechanism within the cylindrical rotor sail which provides the thrust to move the ship, see Figure 12.

\n

\n

Figure 11: (Left) [Buckau ship] George Grantham Bain Collection, Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ggbain-37764.
(Right) [Norsepower ship] © Norsepower Oy Ltd 2020.

\n

 

\n

\n

 

\n
\n

Outline one driver for the use of clean technology to develop the rotor sail.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain why carbon glass fibre was chosen for the modern rotor sail.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Suggest two reasons why the original rotor sail was a shelved technology in the 1920s.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain the role of rapid prototyping, instrumented physical models and computer aided design (CAD) in the design of the modern rotor sail.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

international/government legislation/target;
aimed at reducing global emissions from shipping;

\n

reduce fuel/energy consumption;
conserving natural resources/to be more cost-effective;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one driver for the development of the clean technology for the modern rotor sail and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

carbon glass fibre is a composite;
providing high strength to weight ratio/tensile and compressive strength;
requiring less electricity to drive the rotation of the sails/allowing sails to resist deformation;

\n

carbon glass fibre is corrosion resistant;
reducing maintenance/repair;
as sails are exposed to salt water;

\n

carbon glass fibre can be used to make complex/large shapes;
using a matrix and fibre composite (hand lay-up/spray lay-up/pultrusion) with a mould;
to manufacture the large scale sail mechanism;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for explaining why carbon glass fibre was chosen for the modern rotor sail and [1] for each subsequent development of it up to [3 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

environmental issues/energy efficiency were not major concerns in the early 20th century;
using fossil fuels to power ships was more efficient;
even though fossil fuels create carbon emissions/rotor sails minimise carbon emissions;

\n

the technology did not exist in the 1920s;
that required advanced manufacturing/materials to allow it to be mass produced;
rotor sails are large in size;

\n

some countries have legislation regarding the maximum height of ships;
to allow ships to pass under bridges safely;
the sail adds height to the ship;

\n

resistance to clean technology from fossil fuel producers;
may have put pressure on governments to legislate (against the technology);
limiting the adoption of the invention;

\n

the high cost of retrofitting existing ships/buying new ships;
may have been prohibitive for the shipping industry;
running existing ship models was cheaper in the short term;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of two reasons identifying why the original rotor sail was a shelved technology in the 1920s and [1] for each subsequent development of that reason up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Rapid prototyping
the sail mechanism has internal moving parts;
designers 3D print the sail to test the function/modify the interior mechanism;
by creating a physical model/3D prototype using CAD;

\n

Instrumented physical models
(air tunnels allow designers) to analyse the air flow/structural integrity;
providing accurate quantitative feedback for analysis/with the ability to take measurements;
and use the data to improve the efficiency of the mechanism;

\n

Computer Aided Design (CAD)
utilizes software to create surface/solid models/FEA/virtual prototypes;
to communicate/share information (between engineers, manufacturers, clients);
and gain feedback for further development (of the mechanism);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for explaining the role of rapid prototyping in the design of the modern rotor sail up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for explaining the role of instrumented physical models in the design of the modern rotor sail up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for explaining the role of computer aided design (CAD) in the design of the modern rotor sail up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward question with good responses.

\n
a.
\n
\n

A good question which allowed a good range of marks to be obtained. Candidates were able to obtain 1-2 marks but few were able to get 3.

\n
b.
\n
\n

A good question with multiple clusters that allowed a range of responses and opportunities to gain marks. The most commonly identified responses related to the fact that environmental concerns were not an issue of the time and that the technology did not exist in the 1920s.

\n
c.
\n
\n

A difficult question for many based on the context of different modelling types relating to the rotor sail. The concept of FEA (in the CAD cluster) also appeared in Q1bi. A number of candidates provided generic answers for CAD and rapid prototyping, trying to give definitions rather than explaining its role in the design of the rotor sail.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "20N.2.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production", "topic-4-final-production", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology", "4-2f-composites", "5-1-invention", "3-3-physical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Coffee tables with glass tops are often made from an impact resistant type of glass that is made by cooling the outside of the glass rapidly. What is this type of glass called?

\n

A. Soda glass

\n

B. Laminated glass

\n

C. Toughened glass

\n

D. Pyrex

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.20", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2c-glass" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What describes the collection of data that does not already exist?

\n

A. Ordinal data

\n

B. Secondary data

\n

C. Primary anthropometric data

\n

D. Categorical data

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which principle of lean production considers sequence, tools and worker movement in manufacture?

\n

A. Value stream mapping

\n

B. Lead time

\n

C. Kaizen

\n

D. Workflow analysis

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.34", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 11 shows quality control taking place in a car production plant.

\n

Figure 11: Car production quality control

\n

\n

[Source: BMW AG]

\n

 

\n

Which one of the seven wastes does quality control help reduce?

\n

A. Overproduction

\n

B. Unnecessary inventory

\n

C. Defects

\n

D. Transporting

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.1.HL.TZ0.35", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A designer wants to know how people really use an existing product.

\n

Which of the following is the most appropriate data collection approach?

\n

A. Questionnaires

\n

B. Observation

\n

C. Interviews

\n

D. Standardized tests

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [], "subtopics": [] }, { "Question": "
\n

What type of scale would be used to collect qualitative data on comfort?

\n

A. Interval scale

\n

B. Ratio scale

\n

C. Ordinal scale

\n

D. Nominal scale

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 3 shows a photorealistic model of a computer mouse. The model gives no internal data for manufacture using computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

\n

Figure 3: A photorealistic model of a computer mouse

\n

\n

[Source: Image by Eduemoni www.wikipedia.com]

\n

 

\n

What type of model is shown in Figure 3?

\n

A. Solid model

\n

B. Graphic model

\n

C. Surface model

\n

D. Physical model

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Nike is a global running shoe brand well recognized by the Nike Swoosh (tick) design.

\n

Which of the following intellectual property (IP) strategies would be used to prevent any other company from copying the Nike Swoosh design?

\n

A. Copyright ©

\n

B. Patent

\n

C. Trademark ®

\n

D. Service mark (SM)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.21", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What type of prototype is designed to collect quantitative data to help inform development?

\n

A. Mock up

\n

B. Aesthetic model

\n

C. Instrumented model

\n

D. Scale model

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.12", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-3-physical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A designer wants to reduce the strength it takes to use a tap.

\n

Which of the following designs shown in Figure 1 provides the best mechanical advantage?

\n

Figure 1: A range of taps

\n

 

\n

  [Source: Momentmal / Pixabay]                                         [Source: Unsplash]

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is the final stage of the human information processing system, which results in a physiological response?

\n

A. Sensory process

\n

B. Input

\n

C. Central process

\n

D. Motor process

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What type of graphical model would likely be part of the instructions for flat pack furniture, usually shown in an exploded form?

\n

A. Perspective drawings

\n

B. Assembly drawings

\n

C. Orthographic drawings

\n

D. Scale drawings

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.13", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-2-graphical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are true about a first to market strategy?

\n

I. It may involve significant risks

\n

II. It guarantees success in new markets

\n

III. It can involve costly research & development

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is a non-renewable energy source?

\n

A. Solar

\n

B. Natural gas

\n

C. Hydro

\n

D. Biomass

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which percentile would be used to calculate the width of a cinema seat?

\n

A. 5th percentile

\n

B. 5th–95th percentile

\n

C. 95th percentile

\n

D. 50th percentile

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

HeatSmart has developed a range of thermostats for smart homes that are used to manage the temperature of a room. For example, the temperature of a room can be set to 20 °C at midday every day.

\n

HeatSmart have recently introduced their Intelligent Thermostat that automatically sets the temperature of the room based on the preferences of its users. This can lead to a saving of energy and is indicated by the green HeatSmart globe icon that appears on the screen. The temperature for the room can be increased by rotating the dial clockwise, see Figure 1. Or it can be decreased by rotating the dial anti-clockwise, see Figure 2.

\n

\n

\n
\n

List two user-centred design (UCD) principles the Intelligent Thermostat’s design team may have followed.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline one way that the Intelligent Thermostat’s design team would have considered population stereotypes.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain how the design of the Intelligent Thermostat’s user interface provides clear feedback and has a low memory burden for its users.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Understanding of users, tasks and the environment / empathy;

\n

involving users design and development / user-centred evaluation;

\n

iterative;

\n

addressing the whole user experience;

\n

multi-disciplinary teams;

\n

inclusive;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each UCD principle the thermostat's design team may have followed up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

designed the dial to rotate clockwise for “turning the heat up” / anticlockwise for \"turning the heat down\";
which is the convention for increasing or decreasing (values) for other products;

\n

red indicates an increase in temperature;
blue indicates a decrease in temperature;

\n

the thermostat indicates it is saving energy with a green globe (HeatSmart globe icon);
the colour green is associated with environmentally friendly products (green products);

\n

population stereotypes are responses that are (found to be) widespread in a user population;
adjusting the temperature on other products is also done by turning a dial/knob;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way that the thermostat's design team might have considered population stereotypes and [1] for a development that way up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

Feedback:
the thermostat/interface displays the current and target temperatures;
the screen colour indicates whether the temperature is increased (red) or decreased (blue);
indicating an estimated time to reach target temperature / leaf appears when saving energy;
there is haptic / audible feedback when the dial is turned;

\n

Low memory burden:
no complicated instructions /display is well organized;
self-learning / creates personalized schedule for its users /a simple dial that affords turning;
intuitive, the user does not need to remember how to set the thermostat;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way how the design of the thermostat's user interface provides clear feedback for its users and [1] for each subsequent development up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way how the design of the thermostat's user interface provides low memory burden for its users and [1] for each subsequent development up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Even though this question directly asked for listing two UCD principles, a high percentage of candidates struggled to obtain marks. Incorrect responses included usability objectives (mostly learnability and usability), characteristics of good user-product interfaces (mainly simplicity, low memory burden and ease of use). The more able candidates presented excellent responses, including understanding the user, task and environment, making this question a good discriminator.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Candidates who referred to the stimulus material, including Figures 1 and 2, were able to deduce the correct responses. For example, the temperature can be increased by rotating the dial clockwise, or it can be decreased by turning the dial anti-clockwise. Candidates who defined the term population stereotypes were able to obtain one mark.

\n

Instead of focusing on population stereotypes, some candidates outlined target market segments (mainly wealthy users living in smart homes) and geographical locations (mostly referring to temperatures and climates).

\n
b.
\n
\n

As in part (b), the candidates who referred to the annotated Figures 1 and 2 were able to make use of valid points and gain good marks. For example, current and target temperatures and the Nest green leaf.

\n

This is a straightforward question; however, many candidates did not pick up full marks for two reasons. They either did not structure their responses into two distinct paragraphs and/or confused 'feedback' with 'visibility'.

\n
c.
\n
", "question_id": "20N.3.HL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)", "7-2-usability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is the name given to a twisting force in terms of biomechanics?

\n

A. Torque

\n

B. Compression

\n

C. Tension

\n

D. Turning

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 4 shows someone wearing cycling shorts. The shorts mould to the user’s body and stretch with movement due to their elasticity.

\n

Figure 4: Cycling shorts

\n

\n

 

\n

State the type of textile used in these cycling shorts.

\n

A. Cotton

\n

B. Silk

\n

C. Lycra

\n

D. Wool

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2e-textiles" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

HolidayWithUs enables people to rent out their properties using the company website, see Figure 5. Instead of staying in hotels or guesthouses, people can now stay in private homes. This has completely changed how people travel.

\n

Figure 5: A screenshot of the HolidayWithUs website

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

\n

 

\n

What is this type of innovation known as?

\n

A. Sustaining innovation

\n

B. Disruptive innovation

\n

C. Modular innovation

\n

D. Architectural innovation

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-2-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is considered a renewable energy source?

\n

A. Nuclear

\n

B. Coal

\n

C. Oil

\n

D. Hydro

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following terms refers to the physical space between two objects?

\n

A. Clearance

\n

B. Reach

\n

C. Adjustability

\n

D. Percentile ranges

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following statements are true of classic designs?

\n

I. The function of the product is better than its competitors

\n

II. The form of the product provokes emotional reactions

\n

III. Obsolescence does not impact the product’s popularity

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A table leg, under normal load conditions, would be under which force?

\n

A. Shear

\n

B. Torsion

\n

C. Compression

\n

D. Tension

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which best describes the properties required of copper when being drawn into wire?

\n

A. Plasticity

\n

B. Ductility

\n

C. Malleability

\n

D. Elasticity

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is a biomechanical consideration?

\n

A. Torque

\n

B. Alertness

\n

C. Static data

\n

D. Adjustability

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

When can timber be defined as renewable?

\n

A. When a new tree is planted to replace used timber

\n

B. When it is re-engineered

\n

C. When it is sourced from a rainforest

\n

D. When it has been recycled

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which method of collecting physiological factor data is the most appropriate when asking users to rate the comfort levels of different beds?

\n

A. Ratio

\n

B. Nominal

\n

C. Interval

\n

D. Ordinal

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What are the disadvantages of carrying out a life cycle analysis (LCA)?

\n

I. Time consuming

\n

II. Expensive

\n

III. Legally binding

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following statements are true of life cycle analysis (LCA)?

\n

I. Straightforward

\n

II. Expensive

\n

III. Time-consuming

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which best describes the purpose of tempering?

\n

A. To increase the hardness of a metal

\n

B. To make a metal more malleable

\n

C. To improve the toughness of a metal

\n

D. To reduce the grain size of a metal

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.17", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following has the hierarchy of waste in the right order (from most to least desirable)?

\n

A. Landfill, incineration, resource recovery, recycling, reuse, source reduction

\n

B. Source reduction, reuse, recycling, resource recovery, incineration, landfill

\n

C. Landfill, resource recovery, recycling, reuse, source reduction, incineration

\n

D. Source reduction, resource recovery, recycling, reuse, incineration, landfill

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which plastic is most widely used in the production of water bottles?

\n

A. Polyvinylchloride (PVC)

\n

B. High impact polystyrene (HIPS)

\n

C. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

\n

D. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Focussing on one or two environmental objectives is considered a strategy for…

\n

A. Eco-design

\n

B. Radical design

\n

C. Green design

\n

D. Constructive discontent

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following systems for individual energy generation would have the least impact on the surrounding area?

\n

A. Geo-thermal

\n

B. Solar PV Systems

\n

C. Wind turbines

\n

D. Micro-hydro

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Climate change mitigation is the actions designed to limit long-term climate change. It usually involves reducing greenhouse gases or increasing carbon sinks.

\n

Which of the following is an example of increasing carbon sinks?

\n

A. Reforestation

\n

B. Sustainable forestry

\n

C. Source reduction

\n

D. Recycling and reuse

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Internet-ready televisions allow access to a number of services including film and television content, internet browsing, social media, cloud photo and file storage and a host of other apps, see Figure 2.

\n

Figure 2: An internet-ready television

\n

\n

 

\n

What is an internet-ready television an example of?

\n

A. Radical solution

\n

B. Green design

\n

C. Converging technology

\n

D. “Design for the environment” software

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What temporary joining technique is predominantly used in self-assembly products such as flat pack furniture?

\n

A. Adhesives

\n

B. Knock-down fittings

\n

C. Nuts and bolts

\n

D. Nails

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-4-manufacturing-processes" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which part of the human information processing system would most likely be responsible for a user forgetting how to operate a product?

\n

A. Motor processes

\n

B. Input processes

\n

C. Sensory processes

\n

D. Central processes

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Boeing 787 aircraft was designed to be 20% more fuel efficient than its predecessors and is based on light-weight construction. The Boeing 787 is the first major commercial aircraft to have a composite fuselage, composite wings, and to use composites in most other components, see Figure 1.

\n

The Boeing 787’s cabin windows are larger than any other civil aircraft and are composed of photochromatic smart glass.

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

\n

Figure 2 shows the use of an instrumented model during the development of the aircraft’s wings.

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

\n
\n

State the percentage of composite used in the production of a Boeing 787.

\n
[1]
\n
a.i.
\n
\n

Outline which physical property would have the greatest impact on the fuel consumption of a plane.

\n
[2]
\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Outline why photochromatic glass is an appropriate material for the windows of the Boeing 787.

\n
[2]
\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Outline why magneto-rheostatic smart materials would be used in the landing gear of the Boeing 787.

\n
[2]
\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

List two advantages of using finite element analysis (FEA) for the design of the Boeing 787 wings.

\n
[2]
\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Explain how instrumented models have been used in the development of Boeing 787 wings.

\n
[3]
\n
c.ii.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

50% ✓

\n


Award [1] for stating the percentage of composite used in the production of a Boeing 787.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

low mass/weight ✓
requires less energy/fuel (to fly) ✓

\n

high mass/weight ✓
requires more energy/fuel (to fly) ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a physical property that would have the greatest impact on the fuel consumption of a plane and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

(answer in brackets not required to award mark)

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

the properties of photochromatic glass allow it to tint/change opacity when exposed to (UV) light/the voltage is controlled ✓

\n

which blocks the sunlight so that passengers are more comfortable/protected from sun glare/eliminating the need for physical shade/blind ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why photochromatic glass is an appropriate material for the windows of a Boeing 787 and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Do not accept ‘change colour’.

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

magneto-rheostatic fluids change their viscosity when exposed to a magnetic field ✓

\n

which means that the impact of landing can be reduced/made safer ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why magneto-rheostatic smart materials would be used in the landing gear of the Boeing 787 and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

test the structural integrity/stresses of the wing ✓

\n

overcomes expensive performance testing/is more cost effective ✓

\n

test the aerodynamics under various conditions ✓

\n

test thermal exchange of interior/exterior under various conditions ✓

\n

the designer can quickly make changes to the CAD drawing to improve the design of the wing ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each advantage of using FEA analysis for the design of the Boeing 787 wings.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

instrumented models allow measurements to be taken that provide accurate/quantitative feedback for analysis ✓

\n

the wings on the 787 have been tested under various simulated conditions ✓

\n

this ensures that the wing can safely operate/resist stress during operation/improve the design ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how instrumented models have been used in the development of Boeing 787 wings.

\n
c.ii.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
a.i.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
a.ii.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
b.i.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
b.ii.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
c.i.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
c.ii.
\n
", "question_id": "18N.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials", "4-2c-glass", "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)", "3-3-physical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What might be considered a disadvantage of an incremental solution?

\n

A. It requires considerable expenditure on research and development

\n

B. It causes minimal disruption

\n

C. It requires a high capital investment

\n

D. It focuses on short-term goals

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following drive manufacturers towards green design principles?

\n

I. Legislation

\n

II. Surplus of raw materials

\n

III. Consumer pressure

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 5 shows a farmer planting rice.

\n

Figure 5: A farmer planting rice

\n

\n

[Source: Rice planting machine 2, katori-city, Japan (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rice-plantingmachine_
2,katori-city,japan.JPG). Image by katorisi under copyright
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en).]

\n

 

\n

Which production system is the farmer using?

\n

A. Mechanized production

\n

B. Specialized production

\n

C. Automated production

\n

D. Craft production

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.20", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-3-scales-of-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

If waste created from an obsolete product is used as a resource again and again in a closed loop system, which waste mitigation strategy is this an example of?

\n

A. Repair

\n

B. Circular economy

\n

C. Cradle to grave

\n

D. Dematerialization

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following would be considered an end-of-pipe technology?

\n

A. Installation and use of energy saving lightbulbs

\n

B. Rain water harvesting

\n

C. Waste water treatment plant

\n

D. Installation of solar panels

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What best describes a combined heat and power approach?

\n

A. A national energy distribution system

\n

B. A macro energy policy

\n

C. A sustainable energy strategy

\n

D. An efficient way of generating electrical and thermal energy from a single source

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.9", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

While working on a new type of refrigeration system, Lonnie Johnson connected a hose to his system to test a part when water shot out at high pressure. This gave him the start of the idea for the Super Soaker water gun, see Figure 6.

\n

Figure 6: Water gun in a Super Soaker type design

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

\n

 

\n

What strategy for innovation is this an example of?

\n

A. Market pull

\n

B. Analogy

\n

C. Technology transfer

\n

D. Chance

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.21", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-3-strategies-for-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What rapid prototyping process uses lasers to solidify layers from a liquid resin?

\n

A. Stereolithography (SLA)

\n

B. Fused deposition modelling (FDM)

\n

C. Selective laser sintering (SLS)

\n

D. Laminated object manufacturing (LOM)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-5-rapid-prototyping" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Glass jars which originally contained food are often used to store small items such as crayons, pencils and erasers.

\n

This is an example of:

\n

A. Reuse

\n

B. Recycling

\n

C. Reduction

\n

D. Reconditioning

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which eco-design system gives a low, medium or high risk rating for each stage of a life cycle analysis (LCA)?

\n

A. Product life cycle

\n

B. Converging technology

\n

C. Environmental impact assessment matrix

\n

D. United Nations Environmental Programme Manual

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is an advantage of radical solutions to clean energy development?

\n

A. Benefits from patenting new solutions

\n

B. Quick response to legislation

\n

C. Low levels of uncertainty

\n

D. Limited investment required

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are considered when carrying out a life cycle analysis (LCA)?

\n

I. Utilization

\n

II. Disposal

\n

III. Amount of labour

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following must be present to enable inventions to become innovations?

\n

I. Marketability

\n

II. Financial support

\n

III. User need

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-2-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following rapid prototyping techniques does not require structural supports during the build?

\n

A. Selective laser sintering (SLS)

\n

B. Laminated object manufacture (LOM)

\n

C. Fused disposition modelling (FDM)

\n

D. Stereolithography

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-5-rapid-prototyping" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are required to extract iron from its ore?

\n

I. Coke and limestone

\n

II. A blast furnace

\n

III. Electrolysis

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Many furniture manufacturers provide graphical models to help customers assemble their products, see Figure 3.

\n

Figure 3: An example of a graphical model

\n

\n

[Source: Image designed by Mike Oliver]

\n

 

\n

What perspective style is used in the image?

\n

A. Linear perspective

\n

B. Two-point perspective

\n

C. One-point perspective

\n

D. Three-point perspective

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B, D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-2-graphical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Volkswagen (VW) Beetle is considered a design classic. In the 1999 car of the century competition it came fourth (after the Ford Model T, Mini and Citroen DS).

\n

Since the production of the first car in 1941 the car has changed very little in appearance, see Figure 10. Initially the bodywork was made of steel, but more recently this has changed to a range of materials such as alloys, composites and plastics.

\n

\n

Other materials that make up the VW Beetle have also changed. For example, the windscreen (windshield) is made of laminated glass whereas it was originally made of toughened glass.

\n

One way that a product may be considered as a design classic is by the length of the maturity phase in the product life cycle.

\n
\n

List two disadvantages of using steel for the body of cars.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain why the Volkswagen (VW) Beetle uses laminated glass for its windscreen.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain two ways that Volkswagen (VW) can extend the maturity phase of the product life cycle.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how mass production, dominant design and cultural status have made the VW Beetle a classic design.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

corrodes/rusts ✓

\n

heavy ✓

\n

added weight can make the car more expensive to run ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each disadvantage of using steel for the body of cars.

\n
a.
\n
\n

laminated glass contains a layer of film between two pieces of glass ✓

\n

which keeps the windscreen in one piece/prevents the glass from shattering/creating sharp shards on impact ✓

\n

reducing the risk of injury to the driver/passengers ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why the Volkswagen (VW) Beetle uses laminated glass for its windscreen.

\n
b.
\n
\n

using incremental design/solutions ✓
small changes/additional features can be added over time ✓
leading to new variations/versions/generations ✓

\n

continuing to market/advertise/promote the car ✓
allows VW to widen exposure of the brand ✓
to reach a greater range of potential consumers ✓

\n

offering price reductions ✓
makes the car more competitive in the marketplace ✓
providing an incentive for potential consumers to purchase the product ✓

\n

using retro styling ✓
allows VW to retain aspects of the original aesthetic/style ✓
that appeals to a new market ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of two ways [3 max for each way] that VW can extend the maturity phase of the product life cycle.

\n

Do not award marks across different clusters

\n
c.
\n
\n

Mass production:
production of large numbers of the VW Beetle ✓
has made the car visible/observable on a global scale ✓
making it a ubiquitous product ✓

\n

VW Beetle has been omnipresent in society ✓
as it has become available globally ✓
and is recognised as an iconic design ✓

\n


Dominant design:
the VW Beetle contains implicit features/elements which are easily recognised ✓
such as body shape/style/headlights ✓
to remain a desirable product/a standard of its time ✓

\n

the form of the VW beetle is unique/distinctive ✓
and creates an emotional attachment/feelings of nostalgia ✓
which helps develop customer loyalty/brand recognition ✓

\n


Cultural status:
the VW Beetle has transcended cultures/reflected cultural influences ✓
through its association with sub-culture (such as youth movements, pop culture, film, TV, art) ✓
becoming an iconic classic design ✓

\n

ownership of a VW Beetle can increase the status (social position) of an individual ✓
classic designs can increase in value ✓
as they become more rare/desirable ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how mass production [3 max], dominant design [3 max] and cultural status [3 max] have made the VW Beetle a classic design.

\n

Do not award marks across different clusters

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
a.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
b.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
c.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "18M.2.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-6-classic-design", "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "5-5-product-life-cycle", "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design", "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys", "4-2c-glass" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Resources that can be identified in terms of quantity and quality are known as…

\n

A. Non-renewable resources

\n

B. Reserves

\n

C. Recyclables

\n

D. Renewable resources

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Oil is extracted as a raw material and used for many purposes including being made into plastics, see Figure 1. Globally, the demand for oil continues to grow and the use of plastics in manufacturing is increasing, see Figure 2.

\n

\n

\n
\n

The Dish Doctor, shown in Figures 3a and 3b, was designed by Marc Newson in 1998. It is made from injection moulded high gloss polypropylene/plastic.

\n

Figure 3a: Dish Doctor showing two injection moulded parts

\n

\n

[Source: Courtesy of Magis S.p.a. and Marc Newson Ltd]

\n

 

\n

Figure 3b: Dish Doctor in use

\n

\n

[Source: Courtesy of Magis S.p.a. and Marc Newson Ltd]

\n
\n

State the percentage of oil used in plastic production in 2014.

\n
[1]
\n
a.i.
\n
\n

Calculate how many barrels of oil were used in 2014 for the creation of plastics. Show your workings.

\n
[2]
\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Outline the difference between a renewable and a non-renewable resource.

\n
[2]
\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Outline why manufacturers would use the strategy of dematerializing plastic products.

\n
[2]
\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Outline the scale of production that would be most appropriate for the manufacture of plastic products using the process of injection moulding.

\n
[2]
\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Compare the ease of recovery and disposal of thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.

\n
[3]
\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

Plastic has a high embodied energy. Define embodied energy.

\n
[1]
\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Outline one advantage of injection moulded plastic.

\n
[2]
\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

List two drivers for employing clean technology in the production of Dish Doctor.

\n
[2]
\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Explain why solid modelling is advantageous in the development of the Dish Doctor.

\n
[3]
\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

6 % ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for stating the percentage of oil used in plastic production in 2014.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

106.5×365 million =38,872.5 million  (or 38,872,500,000)

\n

38,872.5 million×0.06=2332.35 million barrels (or 2,332,350,000 barrels) ✓

\n


or

\n


6% of 106.5=6.39 ✓

\n

6.39×365=2332.35 million barrels ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for the correct answer.

\n

Award [1] for showing the working out.

\n

Final answer must be indicated in millions but does not need to include the term ‘barrels’.

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

renewable resources will not run out/can be replenished within a reasonable timeframe/are infinite ✓

\n

non-renewable resources will run out/cannot be replenished as they do not re-form at a rate that makes its use sustainable/are finite ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying each difference between renewable and non-renewable energy up to [2].

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

dematerialization is a process that encourages the reduction of total material and energy utilisation ✓

\n

which can be beneficial from an economic/environmental standpoint/promote the company as environmentally conscious/reduce the overall demand on oil/enhance green credentials ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason why manufacturers would use a strategy of dematerialization of plastic products and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Do not award any marks for responses which simply state: 'dematerialization reduces amount of material used' or ‘less waste’.

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

volume/continuous flow/mass production ✓
provides simple/consistent/rapid/precise production method ✓

\n

volume/continuous flow/mass production ✓
for manufacture in large quantities/benefits economies of scale ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a scale of production that would be appropriate for the manufacture of plastic products using injection moulding and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

thermoplastics can be heated and reformed/have a linear chain structure/weak polymer bond ✓

\n

thermosetting plastics can usually only be heated and formed once/have cross linking polymers that form a strong bond ✓

\n

this means that thermoplastics can be repurposed/makes them more appropriate or viable for recycling ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in a comparison of the ease pf recovery and disposal of thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics.

\n

Do not accept answers that simply state that thermoset plastics cannot be reheated/reformed.

\n

Accept an appropriate example for the third mark i.e. recycled drink bottles used for clothing.

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

the total energy required to produce a product ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for a correct definition of embodied energy.

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

cost effective ✓
as it is a high volume/automated/mechanised production system ✓

\n

repeatability/consistency ✓
as the exact same mould is utilised to produce all components/parts ✓

\n

high precision/accuracy ✓
allows detailed features/complex shapes/textures/surface finishes ✓

\n

efficient use of material ✓
waste is minimised/excess plastic can easily be recycled ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying an advantage of injection moulded plastic and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n

Do not award a mark for “rapid production method”.

\n

Do not award marks across different clusters.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

promoting positive impact ✓

\n

ensuring neutral impact ✓

\n

minimising negative impacts through conserving natural resources ✓

\n

reducing pollution and use of energy ✓

\n

reducing wastage of energy and resources ✓

\n

legislation ✓

\n

incentives ✓

\n

consumer/pressure groups/media ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each driver for employing clean technology in the production of the Dish Doctor.

\n

Do not accept answers such as “reduce environmental impact” or “environmentally friendly”.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

solid models provide accurate data/a detailed impression of the product with dimensions and tolerances ✓
which the designer uses to communicate/get feedback from client/manufacturers ✓
making it easy to make necessary improvements/modifications ✓

\n

solid models can measure the volume ✓
to calculate the material quantity/cost ✓
optimising manufacturing capability ✓

\n

solid models can test the structure of the materials ✓
to calculate the load (FEA) ✓
optimising the performance of product ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why solid modelling is advantageous in the development of the Dish Doctor.

\n

Do not award marks across different clusters.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Examiners report": "", "question_id": "17N.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production", "topic-4-final-production", "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves", "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies", "4-3-scales-of-production", "4-2d-plastics", "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution", "4-4-manufacturing-processes", "2-4-clean-technology", "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What describes the technology that enables networked devices to exchange information and perform actions without the manual assistance of humans?

\n

A. Computer numerical control (CNC)

\n

B. Machine to machine (M2M)

\n

C. Computer-aided design (CAD)

\n

D. Computer-aided manufacture (CAM)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-6-robots-in-automated-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What property does a material have if it can be drawn or extruded into wires and does not break or return to its original shape?

\n

A. Tensile strength

\n

B. Ductility

\n

C. Elasticity

\n

D. Toughness

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are drivers for cleaning up manufacturing?

\n

I. Promoting positive impacts

\n

II. Reducing wastage of energy

\n

III. Desire to make money

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.9", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is an advantage of being a lone inventor?

\n

A. Products are more complex, using knowledge from many disciplines

\n

B. Funding is easy to obtain

\n

C. Full control over development

\n

D. Easy to integrate into a team in later stages of development

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The authorities in Qinhuangdao, China are prototyping the Transit Elevated Bus (TEB). The TEB runs on rails and has 2.1 m of clearance over the road below. This allows the cars to share the road as shown in Figure 1.

\n

\n

The TEB can use the existing roads and transport 1400 passengers at up to 60km/h.

\n
\n

List two ways in which the Chinese user population influenced the TEB design concept.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline the importance of a multidisciplinary design team for the TEB.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline the role an ethnographer may play in the design team for the TEB.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain one benefit of enhanced usability of the TEB and how it would contribute to its success.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

there is a large population in some Chinese cities / China has a large population / China is overpopulated ✓

\n

Chinese roads and highways are congested / Increasing number of car owners has led to increased congestion / main roads have large numbers of people travelling in the same direction at the same time ✓

\n

many people commute and need a more efficient public transportation system / willingness (culture) of using public transportation already exists ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each way that the Chinese population influenced the TEB design concept listed.

\n

[2 max]

\n
a.
\n
\n

the TEB is a complex / innovative system ✓
that requires a variety of skills, knowledge and perspectives / specialists from many fields / eg engineers, town planners, designers, IT system specialists etc ✓

\n

multidisciplinary design teams allow for more creative problem solving as everyone has different skills and experiences ✓
and ideas can leapfrog from one person’s thoughts to awaken a different idea in another person’s thinking / sharing and building on each other’s ideas ✓

\n

a multidisciplinary design team provides a deeper understanding of complex problems ✓
associated with user needs based on multiple perspectives / to ensure all possible aspects associated with the designing of the product from engineering to aesthetics are considered ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying the importance of using a multi-disciplinary design team for the TEB and [1] for a brief explanation

\n
b.
\n
\n

ethnographers study societies / study cultures / immerse themselves within the Chinese culture ✓
to develop a deep understanding/empathy of the needs/behaviour of the people ✓

\n

an ethnographer would gather data from the point of view of the Chinese population/the subject of the study ✓
to forecast if the TEB would be an accepted solution by the people in China ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying the role an ethnographer may play in the design team for the TEB and [1] for a brief explanation

\n
c.
\n
\n

Benefit:
enhanced usability increases product acceptance / creates a positive user experience ✓
by reducing commute time / by increasing passenger comfort / by providing easy accessibility for a wide range of users / ease of movement within the TEB once on board ✓
How:
more people will use / purchase it ✓
making the system economical to run / use ✓

\n


Benefit:
enhanced usability of the user interface for the driver/operator ✓
will reduce driver error ✓
How:
this will increase safety ✓
build user confidence / increases the use of the TEB system ✓

\n


Benefit:
enhanced usability of the user interface for the driver/operator ✓
will reduce training costs/accidents ✓
How:
this will lower the cost of operating the TEB ✓
reflecting positively on ticket prices ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of two distinct points in an explanation of the benefits of enhanced usability of the TEB
[2 max]

\n

Award [1] for each of two distinct points in an explanation of how enhanced usability would contribute to its success.
[2 max]

\n

Note to markers:
Do not award marks from different clusters.

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
a.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
b.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
c.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "18M.3.HL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-3-strategies-for-user-research", "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)", "7-2-usability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Timber is often dried in large ovens called kilns. What is the reason for this?

\n

A. To improve aesthetics

\n

B. To protect it from insects

\n

C. To soften the wood for easier manufacture into products

\n

D. To prevent the wood deforming

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2b-timber" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What type of batteries are used in cell/mobile phones?

\n

A. Hydrogen fuel cells

\n

B. NiCad

\n

C. Lead acid

\n

D. Lithium

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Virtual reality is increasingly being used in design and development to simulate product interaction. Sometimes this is used in relation to tools that allow designers and testers to “feel” the virtual environment.

\n

Which of the following best describes a technology that simulates the sense of touch?

\n

A. Accelerometer

\n

B. Movement sensor

\n

C. Haptic

\n

D. Vibration motors

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.13", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What process allows plastic or metal to be forced through a die to make tubes and rods of uniform cross-section?

\n

A. Vacuum forming

\n

B. Extrusion

\n

C. Injection moulding

\n

D. Compression moulding

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-4-manufacturing-processes" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What percentile range for thumb length would be used in the design of a smartphone screen?

\n

A. 50th percentile

\n

B. 95th percentile

\n

C. 5th–95th percentile

\n

D. 5th percentile

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of these statements describes psychological function?

\n

I. It provokes an emotional reaction

\n

II. It focuses on practicality

\n

III. It focuses on desirability

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 3 shows people in a museum. By interacting with the exhibit they are able to understand how the image displayed on the screen feels.

\n

Figure 3: People interacting with an exhibit in a museum

\n

\n

[Source: image provided with kind permission from Christopher Dean]

\n

 

\n

Which technology enables the people to understand what the image feels like through their sense of touch?

\n

A. Animation

\n

B. Haptic

\n

C. Motion capture

\n

D. Virtual prototyping

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The joints along railway tracks have noticeable gaps. This is not a design flaw as these gaps serve a purpose, see Figure 5.

\n

Figure 5: The gaps along railway tracks

\n

\n

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Track_joint.jpg]

\n

 

\n

What purpose do the gaps along railway tracks serve?

\n

A. Easy access for maintenance

\n

B. Allow for thermal expansion

\n

C. Ease of transportation

\n

D. To adjust the distance between the wooden sleepers

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which thermosetting plastic is used for fibreglass?

\n

A. Melamine resin

\n

B. Urea formaldehyde

\n

C. Polyurethane

\n

D. Epoxy resin

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The design of mobile phones has changed over time. Figure 7 shows the evolution of mobile phones before the launch of the iPhone, while Figure 8 shows the evolution of smartphones since the launch of the iPhone.

\n

\n

[Sources: image adapted from Anders https://commons.wikimedia.org and © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

\n

 

\n

A design that contains those implicit features of a product that are recognized as essential by a majority of manufacturers and purchasers is known as…

\n

A. Robust design

\n

B. Dominant design

\n

C. Emotional design

\n

D. Form following function

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

At which stage of the product life cycle might a company consider releasing a new generation of the product?

\n

A. Launch

\n

B. Growth

\n

C. Maturity

\n

D. Withdrawal

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-5-product-life-cycle" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following modelling techniques would most likely be used to understand how well a new concept functions?

\n

A. Aesthetic model

\n

B. Mock-up

\n

C. Scale model

\n

D. Prototype

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.12", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-3-physical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

How is the embodied energy of a product best described?

\n

A. The energy consumed by just the extraction of raw materials

\n

B. The energy consumed by the manufacturing processes and the product in use

\n

C. The energy consumed by the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes and the product in use

\n

D. The energy consumed by the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes and recovery

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are considered criteria for a retro design?

\n

I. The design uses the same materials as the original

\n

II. The design uses the decoration of the original

\n

III. The design uses the form of the original

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.SL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 1 shows the original Dualit toaster. Built for commercial use, they have since won numerous consumer accolades and come in a range of variants, sizes and colours.

\n

\n
\n

Identify two market research strategies that could have been used in the development of the Dualit toaster.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline the strategy used by Dualit by introducing the Dualit toaster in a range of different sizes and colours.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Compare just in time (JIT) and just in case (JIC) as strategies to produce the Dualit toaster.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Answers may include:
literature search ✓

\n

expert appraisal ✓

\n

user trial ✓

\n

user research /questionnaires / interviews / surveys ✓

\n

perceptual mapping ✓

\n

environmental scanning ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying each market research strategy that could be used in the development of the Dualit toaster.

\n
a.
\n
\n

product development (strategy) ✓

\n

modified design targeting an existing market / leading to the development of a product family ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a strategy used by Dualit by introducing the Dualit toaster in a range of different sizes and colours and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Just in case (JIC) production strategy:
Dualit keeps a stock of components / parts / finished toasters ✓
toasters are created in advance and in excess of demand ✓
storage space is needed ✓
higher capital investment ✓
[2 max]

\n


Just in time (JIT) production strategy:
Dualit will not keep a stock of components / will have very small stocks / will have a limited buffer / will not need storage ✓
components will be ordered from suppliers when required ✓
toasters that are not ordered are not made ✓
[2 max]

\n


Dualit may see the additional cost of maintaining stock in a JIC strategy to be preferable to the risk of being unable to respond rapidly to sudden fluctuations in demand ✓
however, they may be left with unsold stock if there is a downturn in the market ✓
a JIT strategy allows Dualit to implement lean production ✓
but they may risk manufacturing delay / delay from suppliers ✓
[2 max]

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of two distinct points of a JIT production strategy for Dualit up to [2 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of two distinct points of a JIC production strategy for Dualit up to [2 max].

\n

And award [1] for each of two distinct points comparing the two production strategies for the Dualit toaster up to [2 max].

\n

[Max 4] for a generic response that does not refer to the Dualit Toaster.

\n

Note to examiners: Candidates may use points in reverse.

\n
c.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
a.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
b.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
c.
\n
", "question_id": "17N.3.HL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets", "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "9-4-market-research", "9-1-corporate-strategies", "10-1-just-in-time-(jit)-and-just-in-case-(jic)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Man-made timbers can be convenient for industrial use.

\n

Which of the following man-made timbers is created from thin layers glued together?

\n

A. Chipboard

\n

B. MDF

\n

C. Particle board

\n

D. Plywood

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2b-timber" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Natural Brush, see Figure 2, is a toothbrush based on sustainable design. The handle is made from 100 % biodegradable bamboo and the bristles are made of Nylon 6 which the manufacturers claim is the most biodegradable nylon in the world.

\n

Figure 2: The Natural Brush

\n

\n

[Photo by Sara Groblechner on Unsplash]

\n
\n

List two ways in which the Natural Brush is an example of sustainable design.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline how the Natural Brush can be seen as an example of ethical consumerism.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline one pricing consideration and how it would stimulate sales of the Natural Brush.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how the Nautral Brush balances material, health and usability considerations.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

use of bamboo reduces the amount of plastic being used and disposed of / limits the build-up of waste (environmental) ✓

\n

made from 100% biodegradable material (bamboo, nylon) / cyclic / circular economy / safe (environmental) ✓

\n

promotes human well-being during production, use and disposal (social) ✓

\n

encourages public health (social) ✓

\n

the Natural Brush provides employment (economic) ✓

\n

sales contribute towards local economy (economic) ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each way listed of how the Natural Brush is an example of sustainable design.

\n

Note to markers: this is a list question.

\n
a.
\n
\n

the Natural Toothbrush provides an alternative to traditional plastic toothbrushes / the Natural Brush only uses biodegradable materials ✓
this allows consumers to make a conscious decision to buy a product that does not harm the environment / positive buying ✓

\n

an increasing number of consumers are demanding ethical products ✓
this has provided the impetus for designing and developing the Natural Toothbrush ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how the Natural Brush can be seen as an example of ethical consumerism and [1] for a brief explanation

\n
b.
\n
\n

psychological pricing / by ending the price with .99 ✓
will make the customer believe it is cheaper than it really is ✓

\n

competitor based pricing / pricing the Natural Toothbrush similar (cheaper) than existing competitor plastic toothbrushes ✓
otherwise people won’t buy it, and it would be withdrawn from the market ✓

\n

promotional pricing / the manufacturer may provide a limited period of a discounted price when the product is launched ✓
to encourage early adoption / to encourage consumers to trial the Natural Toothbrush ✓

\n

premium pricing / a higher retail price than other toothbrushes in the market / the sustainable nature of the Natural Brush ✓
may suggest a high quality / niche product / some consumers may be prepared to pay a higher price / premium price for it ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a pricing consideration and [1] for a brief explanation of how it would stimulate sales of the Natural Brush

\n
c.
\n
\n

Material:
made from biodegradable bamboo and Nylon 6 / made from sustainable materials / material allows for ergonomic shape / material allows for strength of handle / design similar to existing toothbrushes ✓

\n


Health:
non-toxic / hygienic / provides same health benefits as existing toothbrushes / safe during disposal ✓

\n


Usability:
same usability (functionality) as existing toothbrushes / ergonomic design / comfortable / (useful/effective/likeable/learnable) ✓

\n


Overall:
balancing all three aspects results in a functional design and leads to product acceptance / diffusion in the market / evokes emotions (ideo-pleasure) ✓

\n

each of the three considerations are dependent on the other if one usability consideration failed, the Natural Brush would fail as all three need to be at a minimum standard for acceptance ✓
[1 max]

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of four distinct points in an explanation of how the Natural Brush balances material, health and usability considerations.

\n

Note to markers – each of the considerations needs to be addressed with an overarching statement required for the fourth mark.

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
a.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
b.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
c.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "18M.3.HL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability", "topic-9-innovation-and-markets", "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "8-3-sustainable-design", "8-2-sustainable-consumption", "9-3-marketing-mix", "7-2-usability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Glass can be processed in many ways to achieve different properties.

\n

Which of the following processes describe tempering?

\n

A. Heat treating

\n

B. Laminating

\n

C. Moulding

\n

D. Etching

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2c-glass" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which type of obsolescence best describes a product that has been replaced due to changes of consumer tastes?

\n

A. Planned

\n

B. Style (fashion)

\n

C. Technological

\n

D. Function

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-5-product-life-cycle" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following would enable a designer to understand the structural forces acting on a bridge support?

\n

A. Data modelling

\n

B. Bottom-up Modelling

\n

C. Finite element analysis (FEA)

\n

D. Virtual prototyping

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.13", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Used smartphones are sometimes made to look new by replacing the casing and screen as well as installing a new battery.

\n

Which waste mitigation strategy does this best describe?

\n

A. Reconditioning

\n

B. Re-engineering

\n

C. Reuse

\n

D. Recovery

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following best describes a product champion?

\n

A. An individual working outside or inside an organization who is committed to the invention of a novel product.

\n

B. An influential individual, usually working within an organization, who develops an enthusiasm for a particular idea or invention and uses the resources available to help successfully launch the product.

\n

C. An influential individual who can take an invention to market, often by financing the development, production and diffusion of a product into the marketplace.

\n

D. A specific person within the target market at which a product or the marketing message of a product is aimed at.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-4-stakeholders-in-invention-and-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is an advantage of thermoset plastics?

\n

A. Retain their strength and shape when heated

\n

B. Returns to original form on heating

\n

C. Re-mouldable when heated

\n

D. Increases hardness when heated

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.17", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Designers need to know which materials for a particular product would be most sustainable.

\n

Which of the following would help a designer achieve this task?

\n

A. UNEP eco design manual

\n

B. Design for environment software

\n

C. Environmental impact assessment matrix

\n

D. Finite element analysis (FEA)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 6 shows a USB cable which can only fit into a computer in one way.

\n

Figure 6: A USB cable

\n

\n

 

\n

Which characteristic of a good user interface does this demonstrate?

\n

A. Intuitive logic and organization

\n

B. Constraints

\n

C. Mapping

\n

D. Affordance

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-2-usability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The aircraft canopy of the fighter jet in Figure 4 allows the pilot to see out while flying. It is made from a thick polycarbonate which can absorb the impact of any debris.

\n

Figure 4: An aircraft canopy

\n

\n

[Source: https://pixabay.com]

\n

 

\n

What mechanical property does this demonstrate?

\n

A. Ductility

\n

B. Hardness

\n

C. Toughness

\n

D. Plasticity

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Modern sportswear often advertises its technical capabilities, such as wicking properties, see Figure 6.

\n

Figure 6: Modern sportswear

\n

\n

[Source: Todor Tsvetkov / iStockphoto]

\n

What material is best suited for this application?

\n

A. Silk

\n

B. Cotton

\n

C. Polyester

\n

D. Wool

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2e-textiles" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following describes a conceptual model?

\n

I. A model that is used to help us develop and understand ideas

\n

II. A scale or full-size representation of a product used to gain feedback from users

\n

III. Photorealistic computer-aided design (CAD)-based interactive models

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-1-conceptual-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Over the last five years there has been an increase in the number of people that own a smartwatch, see Figure 8. Users can listen to music, browse social media or find out about the weather on their smartwatch. Many smartwatches are assembled by robotic manufacturing systems.

\n

\n
\n

List two properties that are required in the materials used in a smartwatch.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain one reason why the smartwatch is an example of a converging technology.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain two ways how the use of robotic manufacturing systems can assist in the production of smartwatches.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how sustaining innovation, disruptive innovation and process innovation apply to the development of the smartwatch.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

hardness/scratch resistance (screen) ✓

\n

tough/impact resistant (screen) ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each property of the materials in the smartwatch that enable its development up to [2 max].

\n

Do not accept ‘strong’

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n
a.
\n
\n

converging technology is the merging of information/communication technologies ✓

\n

the smartwatch combines the traditional wristwatch with modern digital applications/technologies ✓

\n

in a single wearable device/reducing the need for multiple devices ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why the smartwatch is an example of a converging technology up to [3 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

robots used in manufacturing ensure high accuracy/speed/repeatability ✓
smartwatches have (numerous) complex/miniaturised components ✓
which ensures they are manufactured to a high quality/consistent standard/with reduced errors ✓

\n

robots can operate 24/7 ✓
ensuring smartwatches can be produced in high volumes ✓
which increases profit for the company/ensures watches are produced with economy of scale ✓

\n

robots can be programmed to perform more than one task ✓
to carry out various operations/be utilised in an assembly line/ be retooled ✓
increasing efficiency in manufacture ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the use of robotic manufacturing systems can assist in the production of smartwatches up to [3 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Sustaining innovation:
sustaining innovation is the development of new/improved products ✓
the smartwatch sustains time-keeping innovation by adding additional functionality ✓
which offers the user a range of features previously unavailable on a traditional watch ✓

\n

sustaining innovation is minor improvements to new generations/versions of an existing product ✓
that can be constantly updated (hardware/software) ✓
sustaining market/consumer demand ✓

\n


Disruptive innovation:
disruptive innovation challenges existing companies through radical change ✓
incorporating technologies previously found in other devices (smartphones/tablets) ✓
which manufacturers ignore/embrace ✓

\n


Process innovation:
an improvement in the organization and/or method of manufacture ✓
new manufacturing processes are required to create and assemble miniaturised components ✓
which results in speed/efficiency of manufacture ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why sustaining innovation applies to the development of the smartwatch up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why disruptive innovation applies to the development of the smartwatch up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why process innovation applies to the development of the smartwatch up to [3 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward questions. Very easy to achieve full marks. Some candidates were confused and stated the properties required for the watch strap.

\n
a.
\n
\n

This was the first converging technology question in an Paper 2 exam of the current syllabus (although there were questions in the specimen paper about this concept). There was some repetition from the answers in Q7d later in the paper, however this was not a difficult question and candidates with a reasonable comprehension of the concept could attain at least 1-2 marks.

\n
b.
\n
\n

A good question about robotic manufacturing that has been in other past papers. Fairly straightforward to answer with plenty of opportunities to achieve marks from the 3 clusters provided.

\n
c.
\n
\n

This was the most challenging of the three 9 mark questions but Q7 was still a popular choice. May candidates were unable to explain the three types of innovation in relation to the smartwatch clearly. This was a difficult question to gain 5+ marks in although 1-4 marks were attainable if a basic understanding could be applied. A better understanding of the differentiation between the different types of innovations is needed.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "19M.2.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-4-final-production", "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "5-2-innovation", "4-1-properties-of-materials", "2-6-eco-design", "4-6-robots-in-automated-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which members of a user-centred design (UCD) team study the customs of people and cultures to provide a detailed description of social life and culture belonging to a particular society?

\n

A. Anthropologists

\n

B. Ethnographers

\n

C. Psychologist

\n

D. Advertising Executive

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The 2016 BMW 7 series may be considered a breakthrough in the use of carbon-fibre reinforced plastic in a mainstream car, see Figure 7.

\n

Figure 7: The 2016 BMW 7 series

\n

\n

[Source: Image by Kevauto, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2017_BMW_750i_(G12)_front_3.23.18.jpg]

\n

 

\n

What advantage is BMW seeking in using this composite material?

\n

A. Flexibility

\n

B. Increased rigidity

\n

C. Light and strong

\n

D. Lower costs

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2f-composites" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A common strategy for user-centred design (UCD) involves selecting users to represent the 2.5th and the 97.5th percentile of the population. Products are then tested to ensure that they function efficiently for those users. What does this strategy describe?

\n

A. Method of extremes

\n

B. Affinity diagramming

\n

C. Participatory design

\n

D. Field research

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-4-strategies-for-ucd" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following production systems gives consumers flexibility of choice with the advantages of economies of scale?

\n

A. Mass production

\n

B. Craft production

\n

C. Mass customization

\n

D. Automated production

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.14", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-5-production-systems" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Outline why polypropylene (PP) is used as a material for a cell/mobile phone case.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Describe the difference between a thermoplastic and a thermosetting plastic.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

ability to be moulded;
into the shape of the case;

\n

toughness;
ability to withstand impact/protects the mobile phone if dropped;

\n

lightweight;
has little effect on the overall weight (of the phone);

\n

elasticity;
ease of putting the case on and off the mobile phone;

\n

recyclability;
as it is a thermoplastic;

\n

available in a range of colours/textures/styles;
to provide customer choice;

\n

low cost;
making it affordable/easy to replace;

\n

mass production;
making suitable for economies of scale;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why polypropylene (PP) would be used as a material for a cell/mobile phone case and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks across different clusters.

\n
a.
\n
\n

a thermoplastic has weak secondary bonds/can be heated and shaped repeatedly/can be recycled/cannot withstand high temperatures;

\n

a thermosetting plastic has strong secondary bonds/can be shaped only once/cannot be recycled/can withstand high temperatures;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for a definition of a thermoplastic and [1] for a definition of a thermosetting plastic up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Again, a number of cross cluster responses in an accessible question that gave candidates numerous opportunities to achieve 1-2 marks. Many candidates wrote 2 correct points, sometimes more, but not always in a corresponding cluster.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Most candidates knew the difference between thermo and thermoset plastics, but many incorrectly described the process of heating as 'melting'. Most candidates achieved 1-2 marks.

\n
b.
\n
", "question_id": "21M.2.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 7 shows a screenshot of an online flight booking website. When selecting flights, users can only select valid dates from the drop down calendar.

\n

Figure 7: An online flight booking website

\n

\n

Which characteristic of a good user-product interface is this an example of?

\n

A. Visibility

\n

B. Mapping

\n

C. Affordance

\n

D. Constraint

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-2-usability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is most suited to the manufacture of a high-value niche product?

\n

A. Continuous flow

\n

B. One-off

\n

C. Mass production

\n

D. Batch manufacture

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.20", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-3-scales-of-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which types of robot are capable of operating for long periods without human intervention?

\n

I. First Generation

\n

II. Second Generation

\n

III. Third Generation

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-6-robots-in-automated-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Greenpeace is an organization that regularly arranges demonstrations opposing practices that they believe will damage the environment. Greenpeace is an example of…

\n

A. An eco phobe

\n

B. A pressure group

\n

C. A lifestyle consumer

\n

D. An eco fan

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-2-sustainable-consumption" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Sunglasses can be made using a smart material that, if deformed, will return to its original shape through the application of heat. What smart material is this describing?

\n

A. Shape memory alloy

\n

B. Photochromic material

\n

C. Piezoelectric material

\n

D. Magneto-rheostatic material

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.15", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The design of a car is a process that has many stages. As a result, there can be a large number of prototypes and drawings used.

\n

Some car designers are still using clay to make their first prototype of a new model of car, see Figure 3.

\n

\n
\n

List one reason why clay modelling is still used to prototype models in processes such as car design.

\n
[1]
\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Describe the difference between surface and solid modelling.

\n
[2]
\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Outline why isometric drawings are often used in car design.

\n
[2]
\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Explain why digital humans are used in car interior design.

\n
[3]
\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

cost effective ✓

\n

easy to shape/manipulate ✓

\n

easy to modify ✓

\n

tactile material ✓

\n

readily available (abundant) material ✓

\n

helps communicate the form ✓

\n

can be scanned/used for further digital development ✓

\n

suitable for large scale modeling ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing a reason why clay modelling is still used to make prototype models such as in car design up to [1 max].

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

surface modelling is a realistic/aesthetic representation of the final model/offers some machining data/contains no data about the interior of the part ✓

\n

whereas solid modelling is a comprehensive (internal and external) representation of the final part/provides a complete set of data for the product to be realized ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each description of the difference between solid and surface modelling up to [2 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

isometric drawings provide a 3D view of the car ✓
that helps communicate the idea between designers and client/gives a clear representation what the product will look like ✓

\n

exploded isometric drawings can be used to show how the parts need to be assembled ✓
which helps in the manufacturing of different parts of the car ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why isometric drawings are often used in car design and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks for ‘shows all dimensions/angles of the car’

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

digital humans are virtual simulations of human beings with realistic movements of various parts of the body ✓
can be used to test/evaluate how people interact with the car interior/ controls ✓
to determine optimum clearance/reach/adjustability ✓

\n

digital humans are virtual simulations of human beings with realistic mass/size/shape ✓
can be used to test/evaluate the result of a crash/accident ✓
to optimise the interior of the vehicle to enhance safety/minimise risk of injury ✓

\n

digital human libraries contain models of varying sizes and shapes ✓
designers do not need to utilise a range of real people/physical models to test the interior of the car ✓
reducing labour costs/making modifications to the car interior design quick/cost effective ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why digital humans are used in car interior design up to [3 max].

\n

 

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A very easy question, well answered. Most candidates opted for cost effective (or WTTE), easy to modify, or communicates the form.

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Many candidates mixed up simple surface model as a clay model and solid also as a solid clay model. Not many candidates made reference to this being a digital/CAD model (according to the guide topic 3.4). As the question in 1d.i made reference to clay, some candidates may have been confused. This is the only question not specifically related to car design in Q1.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Straightforward but many candidates talked about 'all round' views and level of detail. Very few answered from the second cluster relating to exploded isometric drawing.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

A generally poor understanding of how digital humans are used in car design was demonstrated. The most common answers mentioned interacting with the interior controls or testing resulting of accidents and the need to enhance safety. Very few candidates achieved 3 marks on this question.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "question_id": "19M.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-3-physical-modelling", "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)", "3-2-graphical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following raw materials can be used to make plastics and bioplastics?

\n

I. Plant fibres (cellulose)

\n

II. Crude oil

\n

III. Petrol

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2d-plastics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Kevlar® is a well-known high performing composite. What best describes its form?

\n

A. Fibres

\n

B. Sheets

\n

C. Particles

\n

D. Matrix

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.16", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2f-composites" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Modern products are often very complex, containing digital and physical elements.

\n

What approach do many companies employ to deal with this complexity?

\n

A. Focus on a core technology

\n

B. Employ a product champion

\n

C. Multidisciplinary approach

\n

D. Monodisciplinary approach

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-4-stakeholders-in-invention-and-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are true of a green design?

\n

I. Meets all parts of the triple bottom line

\n

II. Is a short-term solution

\n

III. Has a cradle to grave approach

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-3-sustainable-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Jerrycan, see Figure 10, was developed in Germany in the 1930s for military use. It became a much sought-after item because it was engineered to a much higher standard than the competition and contained many innovative features, including indentations in the walls that allowed for expansion and increased strength, and a handle design that allowed it to be carried by one or two people. Its iconic status is demonstrated by continued availability of and the use of the term “Jerrycan” in reference to all fuel containers.

\n

Figure 10: The Jerrycan

\n

\n

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jerrycan.JPG]

\n

 

\n

What term best describes the Jerrycan?

\n

A. Imitative design

\n

B. Dominant design

\n

C. Obsolescent design

\n

D. Aesthetic design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Some sustainable energy innovations are initiated by individuals and businesses through local initiatives. Which term best describes this?

\n

A. Regulation

\n

B. Macro energy sustainability

\n

C. Energy security

\n

D. Micro energy sustainability

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.27", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Basketball shoes can be designed by individual customers to personalize the colour and style.

\n

What scale of production is this an example of?

\n

A. Batch production

\n

B. Mass customization

\n

C. Mass production

\n

D. Continuous flow

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.17", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-3-scales-of-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following research methods in user-centred design (UCD) gathers large quantities of data and groups them based on their natural relationships?

\n

A. Usability testing sessions

\n

B. Focus groups

\n

C. Affinity diagramming

\n

D. Field research

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-4-strategies-for-ucd" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is it called when a company produces different models of the same product at different prices?

\n

A. Product generations

\n

B. Product versioning

\n

C. First to market

\n

D. Product diffusion

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-5-product-life-cycle" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The electric light globe (bulb) was first produced in the 19th Century. Over a long period of time, there were many people involved in its introduction and development, although Thomas Edison is the person who is normally credited with inventing it. Figure 5 shows the original drawing of the electric lamp by Edison used to patent the light globe.

\n

\n

[Figure 5: Thomas Edison’s patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, 1880;
Records of the Patent and Trademark Office; Record Group 241; National Archives.]

\n
\n

List two characteristics of a patent.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

It has been proved that Edison was not the inventor of the light globe as they existed 50 years prior to his patent. However, he is known for improving the light globe and making them commercially successful.

\n

Explain the impact of innovators and innovation with relation to Edison’s light globe.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain why the transparency and strength of the glass in Edison’s light globe have contributed to its success.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

A light globe can be designed with planned obsolescence in mind.

\n

Explain how the style, function and sustainability in the design of the light globe can lead to planned obsolescence.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

a patent protects a new product/invention/process/idea;

\n

lasts for a number of years/set period of time;

\n

prevents others from imitating intellectual property;

\n

can be used within geographical boundaries;

\n

is recognised by governments/protected by law;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each characteristic of a patent up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

innovators adopt an invention and take risks;

\n

innovation is the successful diffusion of an invention in the marketplace;

\n

Edison created the necessary changes/improvements for the light globe to be diffused into the market/commercially viable/adopted by consumers;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of the impact of innovators and innovation with relation to Edison’s light globe up to [3 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

Transparency:
transparency is the ability of a material to allow light to pass through;
creating a functional need for the product for different uses;
which allows the (amount of) light to be consistent/controlled;

\n

transparency refers to a material that is clear/able to be seen through;
creating a pleasing aesthetic;
which allows the internal filament to be seen;

\n


Strength:
the strength of the light globe depends on the ability of the glass to withstand failure;
allowing it to support its own shape/by utilising a shell structure;
which would prevent it breaking if a force is applied when handling the light globe;

\n

the strength of the light globe depends on the ability of the glass to withstand thermal expansion;
resisting internal forces and displacements;
which would prevent it breaking from the heat generated;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the transparency of the glass in Edison’s light globe have contributed to its success up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the strength of the glass in Edison’s light globe have contributed to its success up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Style:
style obsolescence occurs when a trend no longer is fashionable;
the light globe can be designed in a particular style of the time;
and becomes unpopular when a new style replaces it;

\n


Function:
over time, products wear out/break down/stop working;
the lightbulb can be designed with materials/components which will fail over a set period of time;
requiring a new light globe to be purchased as a replacement;

\n


Sustainability:
lightbulbs have become available which are easier to recycle/use less energy;
and reduce the overall impact on the environment;
consumers reject traditional light globes in favour of more efficient alternatives;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the style in the design of the light globe can lead to planned obsolescence up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the function in the design of the light globe can lead to planned obsolescence up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the sustainability in the design of the light globe can lead to planned obsolescence up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

This question has appeared in multiple past papers. Understanding seems to be improving with many candidates achieving 1-2 marks.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Quite a challenging question that required candidates to have a good understanding of the definition of innovators and innovation. A number of candidates repeated information from the question in their response.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Transparency was answered well (compared to strength). Many candidates achieved 1-2 marks for transparency.

\n

Strength was not answered well (compared to transparency) with only a few candidates achieving similar marks for the strength cluster.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Generally not well answered. A few candidates achieved 1-2 marks in the style and function clusters but very few achieved any marks for the sustainability cluster. The concept of sustainability and planned obsolescence may have been confusing to some candidates.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "21M.2.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention", "5-2-innovation", "4-2c-glass", "5-5-product-life-cycle" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 12 below shows a room with Utility Furniture. This was a scheme created by the British government during World War II to ensure efficient use of scarce resources for the creation of furniture.

\n

Figure 12: A room with Utility Furniture

\n

\n

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Utility_Furniture_Exhibition_at_the_Building_Centre,London,_1942D11053.jpg]

\n

 

\n

What design principle guided the development of Utility Furniture?

\n

A. Iconic design

\n

B. Aesthetic design

\n

C. Functional design

\n

D. Cultural design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.SL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which best describes people who are reluctant to use a new technology?

\n

A. Innovators

\n

B. Early adopters

\n

C. Late majority

\n

D. Laggards

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-6-rogers-characteristics-of-innovation-and-consumers" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What physiological factor are the designers attempting to address in the creation of the Wow-pen mouse shown in Figure 1?

\n

Figure 1: A Wow-pen mouse

\n

\n

[Source: brollymedia/iStock]

\n

 

\n

A. Endurance

\n

B. Biomechanics

\n

C. Tolerance

\n

D. Comfort and Fatigue

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following can be used by governments to drive sustainable innovation?

\n

I. Subsidies for public transport

\n

II. Education

\n

III. Regulation of fossil fuel use

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Grain size of metals can be controlled and modified by the rate at which metal is allowed to cool and solidify. What will the characteristics of the grains be if the metal is rapidly cooled?

\n

A. No grains

\n

B. Large grains

\n

C. Small grains

\n

D. Combination of large and small grains

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain one characteristic of retro styling.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

a design that uses the form/stylistic features/decoration from a particular period of time ✓
but is updated with newer technology/materials/components/ functionality ✓
to make it more appropriate/functional for a new market/user ✓

\n

a design that shares/respects the original designers intent ✓
by employing nostalgia ✓
which triggers an emotional response/re-attracts previous/old customers who may recognise/remember it from their childhood ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of issues that designers need to address when using retro styling.

\n

Do not award marks across different clusters.

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.2.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 8 shows a range of sunscreen products from different manufacturers.

\n

Figure 8: A range of sunscreen products

\n

\n

[Source: [3 sunscreen products] © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

\n

 

\n

G&C were the first to launch their sunscreen onto the market in 2015 priced at US$2.99. Solis and Living Suncare launched their products in 2016 at the same price as G&C.

\n

Which strategy of price setting best describes the one used by Solis and Living Suncare?

\n

A. Competitor-based pricing

\n

B. Psychological pricing

\n

C. Product line pricing

\n

D. Demand pricing

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.28", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

CoolBins Eyewear has grown to become a recognizable brand due to its products being made from sustainable sources, such as the wooden sunglasses shown in Figure 3. They improve on an existing product by considering environmental factors.

\n

Figure 3: CoolBins Eyewear wooden sunglasses

\n

\n

What strategy is CoolBins Eyewear employing?

\n

A. Eco-design

\n

B. Sustainable design

\n

C. Green design

\n

D. User-centred design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B, C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

In some countries, governments require manufacturers to cover the costs of collecting and recycling their products. This is an example of…

\n

A. Take back legislation

\n

B. Lifestyle consumerism

\n

C. Eco-labelling

\n

D. Re-engineering

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.27", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-2-sustainable-consumption" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

With the introduction of sound in movies, the clapperboard was invented in the 1930s in Melbourne to align sight and sound during the editing process. An example of a clapperboard is shown in Figure 4.

\n

\n
\n

Outline why the clapperboard can be defined as a classic design.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline why the clapperboard is in the maturity phase of its product cycle.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

regarded as a dominant design ✓
as it contains features that are essential (to align sight and sound) ✓

\n

is seen as iconic ✓
due to its cultural association to the film industry ✓

\n

has become ubiquitous/omnipresent ✓
as it is often seen on screen/in media ✓

\n

has a distinctive image ✓
with its instantly recognizable (aesthetic) features ✓

\n

is seen as timeless ✓
and remains in use/serves as a standard of its time ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one way why the clapperboard can be defined as a Classic Design and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n
a.
\n
\n

the clapperboard is still commonly/widely used ✓
but is not growing in demand ✓

\n

sales have reached their peak ✓
but are beginning to decline ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why the clapperboard is in the maturity phase of its product cycle and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n
b.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Fairly straightforward, allowing many candidates to achieve full marks. Some however listed 2 or sometimes 3 characteristics without an associated explanation. Or answers crossed clusters. This question may have been better written using 'identify one reason why...' or 'list two reasons why...'.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Most candidates achieved at least one mark but only a few got the cluster in the right order resulting in many only achieving a maximum of one mark for this question.

\n
b.
\n
", "question_id": "19M.2.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design", "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design", "5-5-product-life-cycle" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The iameco D4R laptop is marketed as “the first truly environmentally-friendly laptop”. Iameco focussed on what the laptop is made from and how it is made in order to reduce energy consumption, encourage re-use and eliminate waste.

\n

The goals in developing the laptop were:

\n\n

Iameco used market segmentation to identify target markets for their laptop.

\n

Which of the following characteristics was most likely to be considered in the design and manufacture of the iameco laptop?

\n

A. Profession

\n

B. Income

\n

C. Age

\n

D. Values

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.29", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-4-market-research" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain how the classic design of a product, such as a classic car, transcends obsolescence.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

classic cars are representative of a specific period of time ✓
triggering feelings of nostalgia/attachment ✓
and often increase in value long after they have ceased to be manufactured ✓

\n

classic cars are timeless through their form ✓
which increases desirability due to their rarity ✓
although newer cars are technologically advanced ✓

\n

obsolescence is when a product is no longer needed even though it may function as well as it did when first manufactured ✓
it remains in style/attains iconic status/has a strong image ✓
which transcends across cultures/makes it recognisable ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how classic design of a product such as a car transcends obsolescence.

\n

Do not award marks across different clusters.

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.2.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

On most modern laptops, when the user switches on the machine, a sound or tune will play. What characteristic of a good user product interface is this an example of?

\n

A. Feedback

\n

B. Affordance

\n

C. Constraints

\n

D. Mapping

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-2-usability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The 1997 Kyoto Treaty saw governments set targets to reduce greenhouse gases.

\n

What approach to green energy is this?

\n

A. Radical innovation

\n

B. Media pressure

\n

C. International legislation

\n

D. System level solution

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following best describes diversification?

\n

A. Existing products, New markets

\n

B. Existing products, Existing Markets

\n

C. New products, New markets

\n

D. New products, Existing markets

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.30", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-1-corporate-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being a lone inventor.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

lone inventors have creative freedom/complete ownership ✓

\n

but work in isolation/are self-funded/need skills from design to marketing/lack the opportunity for interaction with others/take on risk as they have to do everything ✓

\n

however if the product is successful they gain recognition/attain financial success ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of being a lone inventor.

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "17N.2.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is the name given to products that are accessible and useable by as many people as possible, without the need for adaptation?

\n

A. Ubiquitous design

\n

B. Iterative design

\n

C. Participatory design

\n

D. Inclusive design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

In recent years there has been a move towards electric vehicles. An example of this is the electric motorcycle shown in Figure 6.

\n


Figure 6: An electric motorcycle

\n

\n

Figure 6: Cozmcrae. Evoke Urban S motorcycle in red Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evoke_Urban_S_Red.jpg This file is made available under the Creative Commons
CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en.

\n
\n

Outline why electric motorcycles are regarded as a green design.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Discuss whether the development of the electric motorcycle is an example of technology push or technology transfer.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain two reasons why the quiet nature of electric motorcycles may provide negative psychological factors in the popularity for consumers.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a tool that assesses the impact of a product on the environment.

\n

Explain how the environmental impact can be minimized during production, distribution and disposal of the electric motorcycle.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

electric motorcycles use a battery/do not require fossil fuels to power the motor;
which limits the need for finite energy sources;

\n

 

\n

electric motorcycles do not emit harmful emissions/excessive noise during use (as they use a battery);
which reduces air/noise pollution; 

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why electric motorcycles are regarded as a green design and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters.

\n
a.
\n
\n

technology push because it underpins new ideas (electric motors and batteries);

\n

technology transfer because battery technology has been applied to the development of different types of products/systems (electric motorcycle);

\n

it is more likely to be technology push as there are strong drivers for the development of electric vehicles;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why the development of the electric motorcycle is an example of technology push up to [1 max].

\n

Award [1] for identifying why the development of the electric motorcycle is an example of technology transfer up to [1 max].

\n

Award [1] for a concluding statement up to [1 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

some motorcyclists prefer motorcycles being noisy;
sound provides appeal for certain (brands of) motorcycles;
quiet electric motorcycles may therefore lead to reduced sales;

\n

 

\n

quiet motorcycles may be regarded as being less safe;
as pedestrians/other road users cannot hear the motorcycle coming (in traffic);
causing potential risk/danger/injury to the rider/other road users;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of two ways the quiet nature of electric motorcycles may provide negative psychological factors in the popularity for consumers up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Production:

\n

materials for the components can be sourced from recycled materials;
reducing the requirement for raw materials;
meaning less energy is required to produce the electric motorcycle;

\n


automated production/robotic systems;
minimises errors/increases efficiency in production;
resulting in less (material and energy) waste produced;

\n

 

\n

Distribution:

\n

the materials/components could be sourced from local manufacturers;
reducing the amount of transportation required;
resulting in less CO2 emissions;

\n


the motorcycles could be designed to be assembled at the point of sale;
individual parts of the motorcycle take less space during transportation/distribution;
so more motorcycles can be shipped per container;

\n

 

\n

Disposal:

\n

the electric motorcycle can be designed for disassembly;
allowing the materials/components to be separated easily;
for repair/maintenance/reuse/re-engineering/re-conditioning/recycling;

\n


the manufacturer may consider using product recovery strategies;
by the use of standard/recyclable components;
which would reduce the volume of waste sent to landfill;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points of how the environmental impact can be minimised during production of the electric motorcycle up to [3 max].

\n

For production, do not accept 'recyclable' or 'renewable' materials.

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points of how the environmental impact can be minimised during distribution of the electric motorcycle up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points of how the environmental impact can be minimised during disposal of the electric motorcycle up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Quite a straightforward question for 2 marks but most candidates only achieved 1 mark. There were quite a few cross cluster responses here. In cluster two very few specified air/noise in reference to pollution.

\n
a.
\n
\n

A very challenging question, not well answered and very difficult to achieve any marks although a number of candidates did manage to achieve one mark if they could identify the meaning of either technology push or transfer. This question was made more difficult by the use of discuss as a command term.

\n
b.
\n
\n

A good discriminator for those who understood psychological factors and those who did not. The first cluster provided a few opportunities for marks but many students could not form a coherent response. The second cluster was easier to get 2 or 3 marks if the candidate identified the safety consideration. A few mentioned things like emotional connection and elements of the four pleasure framework but not relevant, as this is Topic 7.

\n
c.
\n
\n

An accessible question which provided potential for marks across all three clusters but was not well answered. Candidates responded best to the disposal cluster, quite well to production but not well to distribution. Many answers in distribution referred to using trucks powered by electric motors for transportation and minimising packaging. In production there was also mention of using a JIT strategy which is Topic 10 and therefore couldn't be considered.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.2.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design", "5-3-strategies-for-innovation", "1-1b-psychological-factors", "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Using sandpaper/glasspaper to smooth the surface of a piece of wood is an example of…

\n

A. Machining

\n

B. Abrading

\n

C. Turning

\n

D. Cutting

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-4-manufacturing-processes" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Everyone involved in making, selling, buying or handling a product takes responsibility for minimizing the environmental impact throughout its life cycle. What is the name given to this type of sustainable development?

\n

A. Triple bottom line sustainability

\n

B. Product stewardship

\n

C. Decoupling

\n

D. Sustainability reporting

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.28", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-1-sustainable-development" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are design objectives for green products?

\n

A. People, planet, profit

\n

B. Reuse, recycle, repair

\n

C. Materials, energy, pollution

\n

D. Production, distribution, utilization

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-5-green-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The Light Phone, see Figure 1, is a small, low-functionality mobile phone that has been designed to tackle the increasing issue of smartphone addiction. Designed to be used “as little as possible” the original Light Phone has only one primary function; to make and receive calls.

\n

\n

The designers intended the Light Phone to be used in addition to, rather than replace, a smartphone as it does not have internet capabilities. This allows the user to leave their smartphone at home and “disconnect” while still having access to a communication device.

\n

The designers of the Light Phone have deliberately designed it with limited functionality to prevent the habit of “phone fidgeting”, the act of constantly checking one’s smartphone without purpose. The designers believe that modern gadgets and applications are designed to gain and hold the user’s attention. The Light Phone is the size of a credit card which means it can be easily carried, see Figure 2.

\n

\n

[Figures 1 and 2: Provided with permission from The Light Phone.]

\n
\n

Outline one reason why multidisciplinary teams would have been important in developing the Light Phone.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

List two benefits of enhanced usability.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline one disadvantage of using a usability laboratory to determine whether the Light Phone has led to a decrease in “phone fidgeting”.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

The Light Phone concept is built on the idea that users need to “disconnect” from their smartphones at times.

\n

Explain why designers might use personae and characteristics in their user research to define the problem.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

The light phone is a complex system / is meant to curb phone fidgeting / is the size of a credit card;
which requires specialist skills / expertise from different fields/disciplines;

\n

More creative problem-solving;
as team members brainstorm/exchange/build on each other's ideas;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why multidisciplinary teams would have been important in developing this product and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Improved product acceptance / increased sales /more competitive in the market;

\n

Improved user experience / likeability;

\n

Improved productivity;

\n

Decreased user error;

\n

Decreased training and support / lower memory burden / enhanced learnability;

\n

Improved product user interface / intuitive;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each way that the Light Phone has led to enhanced usability.

\n
b.
\n
\n

A usability lab is a controlled environment / does not replicate a natural setting / test users are monitored;
subjects may be uncomfortable / may behave differently / may not interact with their phone;

\n

Usability laboratories are expensive to operate;
which limits the data collected;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one disadvantage of using a usability laboratory to determine whether the Light Phone has led to a decrease in “phone fidgeting” and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Persona is a profile (a fictional character) of the (primary) target audience for a product;

\n

focusing on users' characteristics (demographics/age/gender/habits/behaviors/ lifestyle);

\n

to help in the understanding of users / tasks / needs / environments; and build real-life scenarios / use case;

\n

to identify situations where phone fidgeting needs to be addressed / would be detrimental;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of four distinct points in an explanation of why designers might use personae and characteristics in their user research to define the problem.

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

This question is asking 'why' multidisciplinary teams would have been important in developing the Light Phone. Most of the candidates properly referred to the need for different skills, expertise or perspectives. However, many failed to correctly outline the importance of why this is required in developing the Light Phone.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Most candidates listed at least one benefit of enhanced usability. Most popular responses included 'product acceptance' and 'decreased user error'. The markscheme also acknowledged responses related to improving the Light Phone user interface, such as 'lower memory burden' and 'learnability' which contributed to more candidates achieving a full mark in this question. The benefits of enhanced usability are included in Topic 7.2 on page 64 in the DT Guide.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Majority of candidates understood that a usability laboratory is a controlled environment. However, only well-prepared candidates were able to suitably connect being observed in the laboratory to a change in users' behaviour.

\n
c.
\n
\n

This question required candidates to 'explain why designers might use personae and characteristics in their user research to define the problem'. The majority of the candidates gained 1 or 2 marks since they knew what personae were, and how they helped in understanding users. Nevertheless, there were fewer candidates who scored 3 or 4 marks by relating why their use in user research might have defined the problem of phone fidgeting.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "21M.3.HL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)", "7-2-usability", "7-4-strategies-for-ucd", "7-3-strategies-for-user-research" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Conceptual models provide a way of communicating, testing and developing early ideas.

\n

Who are the main beneficiaries of a conceptual model?

\n

I. Client

\n

II. Designer

\n

III. End user

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-1-conceptual-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A labelled image of a bicycle is shown in Figure 1.

\n

Figure 1: A bicycle

\n

\n

[Source: https://unsplash.com]

\n

 

\n

Which of these bike parts most likely requires the collection of dynamic data rather than static data?

\n

A. Seat length

\n

B. Handlebar grip width

\n

C. Crank length

\n

D. Pedal width

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following best describes the market research strategy of gathering information about the external world, competitors and the organization itself to identify external opportunities and threats?

\n

A. Market surveys

\n

B. Perceptual mapping

\n

C. Environmental scanning

\n

D. User research

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.31", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-4-market-research" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following sustainable consumption strategies would have the most impact on the consumer when choosing an electrical appliance?

\n

A. Eco-labelling

\n

B. Energy labelling

\n

C. Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive

\n

D. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-2-sustainable-consumption" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which textile manufacturing process uses multiple loops of yarn called stitches to create items of clothing?

\n

A. Knitting

\n

B. Felting

\n

C. Weaving

\n

D. Lacemaking

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.20", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-2e-textiles" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

When a new product is launched in a supermarket, free samples are given out to promote it to customers who wouldn’t normally buy the product, see Figure 9.

\n

Figure 9: Free samples of a new product given to customers

\n

\n

[Source: https://unsplash.com]

\n

 

\n

What promotional strategy is this an example of?

\n

A. Personal selling

\n

B. Perceptual mapping

\n

C. Celebrity endorsement

\n

D. Advertising

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.29", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 1 shows the rapid increase in global plastics production. Concerns have been raised about the environmental impact as vast quantities of discarded plastics are found in the oceans, like the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP).

\n


Figure 1: World global plastics production (1950–2015)

\n

\n

Some countries have developed strategies to recover these plastics. These strategies have been more successful in some countries than others. Figure 2 compares the percentage of plastics recovered in European countries.

\n


Figure 2: Plastic – wasted or recovered?

\n

\n

 

\n

Figure 1: Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2018) - “Plastic Pollution”. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution [Online Resource]. Source: based on Jambeck et al (2015) and
Eriksen et al (2014). Icon graphics from Noun Project. Data is based on global estimates from Jambeck
(2015) based on plastic waste generation rates, coastal pollution sizes, and waste management practices
by country. This is a visualization from OurWorldDate.org, where you will find data and research on how
the world is changing. License under CC-BY-SA by the authors Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ [Accessed 20 April 2020]. Source adapted.

\n

Figure 2: © DEUTSCHE WELLE.

\n
\n

Many governments have introduced legislation to ban single-use plastic straws. As a result many customers have started to use metal straws, see Figure 3.

\n

Figure 3: Different types of straw

\n

\n

Figure 3: s-cphoto / iStock.

\n
\n

State the trend of plastic production between 1950 and 2015.

\n
[1]
\n
a.i.
\n
\n

List two reasons why polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is often used for food packaging.

\n
[2]
\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Outline one reason why products that are made of more than one material can be difficult to recycle.

\n
[2]
\n
b.i.
\n
\n

List two reasons why some countries recycle a larger percentage of plastics than others.

\n
[2]
\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Outline why thermoplastics tend to be easier to recycle than thermosetting plastics.

\n
[2]
\n
c.i.
\n
\n

Explain one negative environmental impact of incinerating plastic waste.

\n
[3]
\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

State how the plastic straw gains its stiffness.

\n
[1]
\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Outline one reason why the plastic straw is mass produced.

\n
[2]
\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

Outline one appropriate manufacturing method for making the plastic straw.

\n
[2]
\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Explain how market pull has influenced the release of the metal straw.

\n
[3]
\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

increasing;

\n

rising;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for stating the trend of plastic production between 1950 and 2015.

\n

Award a mark for any appropriate word that describes an increase but do not accept terms such as ‘positive trend’ or ‘improving’.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

lightweight;

\n

low cost/cheap;

\n

easily shaped/moulded;

\n

non toxic/food safe;

\n

widely available;

\n

recyclable;

\n

waterproof/non absorbent;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each reason why polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is often used for food packaging up to [2 max].

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

need to be separated;
as they may fall into different recycling categories/have different recycling requirements;

\n

 

\n

need to be separated;
which can be time/energy consuming/costly;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason why products that are made of more than one material can be difficult to recycle and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters.

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

government policy/legislation/regulations;

\n

infrastructure/capability/resources/facilities;

\n

public awareness/community driven;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each reason why some countries recycle a larger percentage of plastics than others [2 max].

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

thermoplastics have a linear chain structure/weak secondary bonds;
which allows them to be heated/melted and reformed/reshaped;

\n


thermosetting plastics have cross-linked chains/strong secondary bonds;
which make them difficult to be heated/melted and reformed/reshaped;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why thermoplastics tend to be easier to recycle than thermosetting plastics and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

incineration results in toxic chemicals being released into the atmosphere;
resulting in pollution/harmful emissions;
leading to health issues/damage to plants and wildlife;

\n


incinerating plastic waste requires high energy usage;
which utilises fossil fuels;
leading to high carbon emissions/climate change/global warming/depletion of finite resources;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each distinct point in an explanation of one negative environmental impact of incinerating plastic waste up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters.

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

cylindrical shape;

\n

wall thickness;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for stating how the plastic straw gains its stiffness up to [1 max].

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

straws are high consumption/disposable/single-use items;
creating demand for the product from retailers/consumers;

\n


large consumer base / target audience / target market;
allows for benefits derived from economies of scale;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason why the plastic straw is mass produced and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

extrusion;

\n

allows for production be made quickly/in high volume;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying an appropriate manufacturing method for making the plastic straw and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

a new idea is needed as a result of demand from the marketplace;

\n

due to a greater awareness of the negative impact of plastic on the environment;

\n

resulting in consumer pressure for eco friendly alternatives to single use plastic products;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how market pull has influenced the release of the metal straw up to [3 max].

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A straightforward graph reading question. Most students found this easy but a small percentage did not express their answer using clear language.

\n
a.i.
\n
\n

A list two question. Quite straightforward with most students able to achieve 1 or 2 marks.

\n
a.ii.
\n
\n

Quite straightforward with most students able to achieve 1 or 2 marks.

\n
b.i.
\n
\n

Another list two question. Quite straightforward with most students able to achieve 1 or 2 marks.

\n
b.ii.
\n
\n

Most students were able to achieve at least one mark with a few achieving two. Most attained a mark from the second line of the first cluster.

\n
c.i.
\n
\n

A question that allowed students to achieve 1 or 2 marks although only a few achieved 3. The most common responses related to the first cluster, but responses were not always well structured. Some candidates included cross cluster responses.

\n
c.ii.
\n
\n

A question most candidates struggled with as there was possibly some confusion caused by the stem and images/discussion of both metal and plastic straws. Very few achieved the one mark.

\n
d.i.
\n
\n

Quite a straightforward question. Most candidates achieved at least one mark, with the most common responses identifying 'demand' for the product.

\n
d.ii.
\n
\n

A very challenging question for candidates which showed a poor understanding of how plastic straws would be manufactured. Many wrote about injection moulding, blow moulding and some about 3D printing. Very few achieved any marks at all for this question. This question was similar to Q1e(i) from May 2021 about carbon reinforced plastics which was also poorly answered.

\n
e.i.
\n
\n

Many candidates answered this with relevant points although again responses were not always well structured. This question was a good discriminator. Almost all candidates were able to achieve at least one mark, a number were able to achieve 2 but very few achieved 3. Some similarity on responses compared to 1d(i) relating to 'demand'.

\n
e.ii.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials", "4-3-scales-of-production", "4-4-manufacturing-processes", "5-3-strategies-for-innovation", "4-2d-plastics", "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 8 shows a child’s garden slide.

\n

Figure 8: A child’s garden slide

\n

\n

[Source: JoenStock]

\n

 

\n

What would be the predominant manufacturing process for this item?

\n

A. Blow moulding

\n

B. Injection moulding

\n

C. Rotational moulding

\n

D. Compression moulding

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A, B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.17", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-4-manufacturing-processes" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A manufacturer can sell their products in bulk to a retailer for a reduced price. What is the name of this pricing strategy?

\n

A. Unit cost

\n

B. Retail price

\n

C. Wholesale price

\n

D. Typical manufacturing price

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.33", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-5-economic-viability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The European Union introduced new labelling laws in 2014 requiring any products that contain palm oil to be listed as an ingredient. This is an example of which type of sustainable innovation strategy?

\n

A. Education

\n

B. Bottom-up

\n

C. Top-down

\n

D. Product stewardship

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following corporate strategies presents the least risk for a company?

\n

A. Product development

\n

B. Product diversification

\n

C. Market penetration

\n

D. Market development

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.30", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-1-corporate-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is a recognized strategy to achieve Design for Manufacture (DfM)?

\n

A. Developing products in multifunctional teams

\n

B. Contracting external concept design

\n

C. Research for capturing user needs

\n

D. Undertaking Life cycle analysis (LCA)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A, D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.18", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-5-production-systems" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 5 shows a Shared Docs file. Instead of each user having to work on separate files, Shared Docs allows the three different collaborators to work on a single file.

\n

Figure 5: An example of a Shared Docs file

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

\n

 

\n

Which category of innovation is used in Shared Docs to allow collaboration with other people?

\n

A. Architectural innovation

\n

B. Modular innovation

\n

C. Sustaining innovation

\n

D. Disruptive innovation

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.21", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-2-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are monitored in computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)?

\n

I. Purchasing

\n

II. Recovery of products at the end of their useful life

\n

III. Distribution

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.34", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-3-computer-integrated-manufacturing-(cim)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The first version of the Impossible Burger was released in 2016, with the aim to be “craveable” to meat eaters. To achieve this, Impossible Foods developed a meat substitute that had everything a “meat lover” looks for in a burger: juicy and flavorful with a pink middle and a convincing texture and smell. This meatless burger even cooks and “bleeds” like beef.

\n

To market the Impossible Burger to meat eaters, Impossible Foods partnered with well-recognized restaurants such as Burger King who have included the Impossible Burger on their menu. This provided customers the opportunity to try this new food without changing where they would normally eat.

\n

 

\n

[Source: With permission from Impossible Foods Inc.]

\n
\n

List two members that could have been included in the multidisciplinary team that would have been used by Impossible Foods to develop the Impossible Burger.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline how physio-pleasure was considered in the development of the Impossible Burger.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

The development cycle requires considerable consumer testing. Outline why iterative design is a feature of a pioneering strategy.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain why designers would have used personae and secondary personae in their user research to develop the Impossible Burger.

\n
[5]
\n
d.
\n
\n

Explain how the creators of the Impossible Burger are using product, place and promotion from the marketing mix to make it appeal to meat eaters.

\n
[9]
\n
e.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

designers (graphic / product / packaging);

\n

psychologists;

\n

nutritionists;

\n

chefs;

\n

marketing professionals;

\n

lawyers;

\n

ergonomists;

\n

anthropologists / ethnographers;

\n

potential consumers (meat lovers / vegetarians / vegans);

\n

restaurant (representatives);

\n

scientists/chemists;

\n

manufacturers;

\n

food Standards Agencies;

\n

food specialist;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each member that could have been included in the multidisciplinary team up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

the taste / smell / texture / looks (cooks and bleeds) of the Impossible Burger;

\n

gives consumers the physical satisfaction (enjoyment) of eating real meat (beef) / means meat eaters will feel like they do not have to ‘give up’ their physical enjoyment of eating meat;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way how physio-pleasure was considered in the development of the Impossible Burger and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

a pioneering strategy is being first to market with a new innovation / is risky / keeps a company ahead of competitors;

\n

therefore an iterative design improves product acceptance / strengthens research and development / refines designs based on feedback / complies with UCD principles / shows empathy / responds to food trends;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why iterative design is a feature of a pioneering strategy and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
c.
\n
\n

persona is a profile of the primary target audience for the Impossible Burger / refers to meat lovers / meat lovers who choose to eat less/cut meat / meat lovers who cannot afford real meat;

\n

secondary persona is a profile of those who are not the primary target audience, but whose needs the Impossible Burger should meet / refers to vegetarians / vegans / innovators;

\n

both aid the designers' understanding of the users' needs (wants);

\n

to create scenarios / add a layer of real-world consideration to the discussions of the design team / stimulate user experiences;

\n

and help determine the burger's ingredients / taste / price;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why designers would have used personae and secondary personae in their user research to develop the Impossible Burger and [1] for each development up to [5 max].

\n
d.
\n
\n

Product:

\n

the Impossible Burger is a meat substitute / imitates a real meat burger/ resembles a traditional (standard) burger;

\n

juicy / flavourful / pink middle / convincing texture and smell / cooks and “bleeds” like beef / fits in a burger bun (size);

\n

provides security / comfort / reassurance / increase sales / maintain sales / triggers consumers to purchase fries and soft drinks;

\n

 

\n

Place:

\n

refers to how and where to distribute and sell a product;

\n

Impossible Foods partnered with well-recognized restaurants/marketed at the point of sale;

\n

so, customers may try it without changing where they would normally eat / to target the intended consumer directly / to tempt an impromptu/impulse purchase;

\n

 

\n

Promotion:

\n

refers to the various communication/advertising methods undertaken to inform consumers about this burger / to launch this burger;

\n

Impossible Foods partnered with well-recognized restaurants;

\n

who place it on their menus / who already have customer loyalty / who market a non-meat product to meat eaters / to associate the Impossible Burger with well-known brands/products (such as Burger King / the Whooper);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason how the creators of the Impossible Burger are using product to make it appeal to meat eaters and [1] for each development up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason how the creators of the Impossible Burger are using place to make it appeal to meat eaters and [1] for each development up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason how the creators of the Impossible Burger are using promotion to make it appeal to meat eaters and [1] for each development up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
e.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Listing two members in the multidisciplinary team that would have been used to develop the Impossible Burger was the most accessible question in this paper. Most popular responses included chef, food specialists and marketing professionals.

\n
a.
\n
\n

The majority of candidates gained at least one mark by correctly identifying that 'physio-pleasure' is derived from the taste / smell / texture / looks of the Impossible Burger. Fewer gained the second mark by outlining how meat eaters did not have to 'give up' the physio-pleasure derived from meat-based burgers when selecting this meatless option.

\n
b.
\n
\n

The majority of candidates demonstrated a good understanding of how a 'pioneering strategy' means being first-to-market, is risky and/or ahead of the competition. Yet, fewer candidates were able to correctly connect it to 'iterative design'. Most popular responses included improving product acceptance and refining designs based on feedback.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Only a few well-prepared candidates attained a full mark in this question. Less able candidates mistakenly explained how 'personae' and 'secondary personae' aid in testing the Impossible burgers. It was clear that some candidates did not read the question's stem carefully. This led them to wrongly assume that the main target market were vegans and vegetarians instead of meat lovers.

\n
d.
\n
\n

The majority of candidates achieved a good level in this question especially those who structured their responses based on the information provided in the question's stem.

\n
e.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.3.HL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets", "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix", "7-1-user-centred-design-(ucd)", "7-5-beyond-usability—designing-for-pleasure-and-emotion", "9-1-corporate-strategies", "7-3-strategies-for-user-research" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Separating economic growth from negative ecological impact is known as…

\n

A. Macro energy sustainability

\n

B. Micro energy sustainability

\n

C. Sustainability reporting

\n

D. Decoupling

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.27", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which price setting strategy focuses on measuring all of the costs involved in producing a given product and adding a profit margin?

\n

A. Demand pricing

\n

B. Cost-plus pricing

\n

C. Product line pricing

\n

D. Psychological pricing

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.31", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are true of robotic production?

\n

I. Increases productivity

\n

II. Increases accuracy and reliability

\n

III. Improves health and safety of workforce

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.19", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-6-robots-in-automated-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A manufacturer can review the sequence of production, tools used and worker movement to help identify areas of improvement. What is the name of this lean production concept, often shown as a flow chart?

\n

A. Value stream mapping

\n

B. Lead time

\n

C. Sorting

\n

D. Workflow analysis

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.HL.TZ0.35", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which strategy for protecting intellectual property applies to words or symbols used to represent a company?

\n

A. Patent

\n

B. Copyright

\n

C. Trademark

\n

D. Registered design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.22", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

All over the world, there have been a range of both government and corporate initiatives that aim to reduce waste by targeting single-use plastics. For example, in Australia, Woolworths was one of the first supermarket chains to ban single-use plastic bags. Starbucks aims to remove all single-use plastic straws from its stores by 2020.

\n

Pressure groups such as Greenpeace have educated the public on the problems of single use plastics. According to Greenpeace, there are 12.7 million tonnes of plastic dumped into the oceans each year. As companies such as Woolworths and Starbucks are highlighting this issue, more consumers are seeking out green products and trying to make more sustainable choices. This has led to the demand for innovative products that will decrease the reliance on single-use plastics.

\n

Street food and takeaway food is an integral part of many cultures. Futuretensils is a company trying to disrupt the single-use plastic market with their line of edible cutlery, see Figure 7. Founded by Indian entrepreneurs in response to the 120 billion pieces of disposable plastic cutlery used in India each year, Futuretensils has a range of one-use edible cutlery and produces forks, spoons, and chopsticks in a variety of flavours: sweet, savory, and plain. The cutlery has a shelf life of 18–24 months and will easily biodegrade in a few days if uneaten. In product reviews, Futuretensils’ edible cutlery has been able to withstand use in very liquid dishes such as like soup. According to reviews, consumers enjoy the taste too.

\n

Futuretensils’ cutlery is made from different flours and contains no preservatives, chemicals, additives or dairy products. It is manufactured at very high temperatures. In the future, Futuretensils’ plans to release flatware, such as bowls and plates.

\n

\n

[Figure 7: Pixabay.]

\n
\n

Outline why the development of edible cutlery required the use of a usability testing session.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline how edible cutlery meets the need for ideo-pleasure.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

List two ways how pressure groups such as Greenpeace influence consumer preferences.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how the use of market research strategies would have led to the development of edible cutlery.

\n
[5]
\n
d.
\n
\n

Explain three ways in which Futuretensils is meeting Datschefski’s principles of sustainable design.

\n
[9]
\n
e.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Gain feedback (how it tastes, how easy it is to use, how it reacts with different food, ergonomics, its strength);

\n

leading to improved design;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why the development of the edible cutlery required the use of a usability testing session and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Ideo-pleasure is derived from being consistent with personal values / morals / tastes / aspirations;

\n

Futuretensils' edible cutlery appeals to consumers who value ethical consumerism/ environmentally friendly choices / sustainable choices / who aim to reduce their single use plastic consumption / Futuretensils' edible cutlery satisfies certain dietary lifestyles (as it is contains no preservatives, chemicals, additives or dairy products);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how edible cutlery meets the need for ideo-pleasure and [1] for a brief explanation.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Raising public awareness / providing consumers with information / suggesting greener alternatives;

\n

Educating consumers;

\n

Attracting support using the media (including social media);

\n

Providing companies with negative or positive publicity;

\n

Supporting or undermining the development of (specific) technologies;

\n

Lobbying governments (to change laws/issue legislations);

\n

Pressuring organizations (to opt for more sustainable practices);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each way pressure groups such as Greenpeace influence consumer preferences.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Market research strategies would have helped Futuretensils collect information/data;

\n

related to the need to solve the problems associated with single-use plastic cutlery;

\n

and evaluate existing solutions (trends) in the market / identify user preferences/needs;

\n

to determine what attributes the cutlery should have (such as being edible, its flavors, its size, design, cost, price);

\n

For example, through literature search / expert appraisal / user trial / user research (interviews, surveys, questionnaires, focus groups) / perceptual mapping / environmental scanning / field research / observation;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of five distinct points in an explanation of how the use of market research strategies would have led to the development of edible cutlery.

\n
d.
\n
\n

Cyclic;
edible / will easily biodegrade in a few days if uneaten;
closed loop system / compost / creates zero waste / less carbon emissions;

\n


Safe;
the edible cutlery is non-toxic (not harmful / in use and disposal);
as it contains no preservatives, chemicals or additives;

\n


Social;
founded in response to the 120 billion pieces of disposable plastic cutlery used in India each year / trying to disrupt the single-use plastic market;
its manufacture and use supports the (human) right to a clean environment / supports human well-being;

\n


Efficient;
edible / biodegradable;
therefore a reduction in the energy required for disposal;

\n


Solar:
the cutlery is manufactured from various flours;
that use the sun's energy to grow / are renewable;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of the ways in which Futuretensils is meeting Datschefski’s principles of sustainable design.

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
e.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Even though a very high percentage of candidates obtained one mark for 'gaining feedback', surprisingly, only a small percentage of them were able to score a full mark by relating usability testing to improving designs.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Well-prepared candidates correctly identified ideo-pleasure as being consistent to personal values/morals/tastes/aspirations. Many were able to gain the second mark by relating this to Bakey's edible cutlery as a sustainable/environmentally friendly choice.

\n
b.
\n
\n

Majority of candidates were able to list at least on way how pressure groups such as Greenpeace influence consumer preferences. Most popular responses were educating consumers and raising public awareness.

\n
c.
\n
\n

This was seen as one of the paper's more challenging questions with a limited number of candidates obtaining a full mark. The majority of candidates gained marks by identifying a relevant market research strategy and identifying user preferences or the need to evaluate existing solutions in the market. Stronger candidates explained how the findings of market research led to the development of the edible cutlery by helping determine what attributes it should have. Less able candidates fell in the trap of simply listing/outlining market research strategies without directly answering this question.

\n
d.
\n
\n

In comparison to previous 9-mark questions, this was by far one of the most accessible. A good percentage of candidates pleasantly attained 7, 8 and even a full mark. Well-prepared candidates structured their responses into three distinct paragraphs and made use of the information provided in the stem. Weaker candidates were able to gain marks by simply listing any three of Datschefski's principles of sustainable design. Unfortunately, some candidates went off course and discussed Triple Bottom Line Sustainability (TBL) or sustainability in general. Moreover, those who did not directly relate the points to their correct principles and/or mixed up relevant points from different principles lost marks.

\n
e.
\n
", "question_id": "21M.3.HL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-7-user-centered-design", "topic-8-sustainability", "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "7-2-usability", "7-5-beyond-usability—designing-for-pleasure-and-emotion", "8-2-sustainable-consumption", "9-4-market-research", "8-3-sustainable-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of Rogers’ categories of consumers best describes the group who are the first to adopt new technology, even if it is yet to be proven successful?

\n

A. Innovators

\n

B. Laggards

\n

C. Early majority

\n

D. Late majority

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.23", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-6-rogers-characteristics-of-innovation-and-consumers" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is true of break-even?

\n

A. It is based on qualitative analysis

\n

B. It is based on all products that a company sells

\n

C. It is based on fixed and variable costs

\n

D. It is based on trends of consumer behaviour

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19M.1.HL.TZ0.35", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-5-economic-viability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following are part of the marketing mix?

\n

I. Product

\n

II. Place

\n

III. People

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.28", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-3-marketing-mix" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Rogers is well known for characterizing aspects of innovation.

\n

What is the term given to product improvements over previous generations?

\n

A. Compatibility

\n

B. Relative advantage

\n

C. Trial-ability

\n

D. Complexity

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.21", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-6-rogers-characteristics-of-innovation-and-consumers" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following costs are lower in just in time (JIT) production?

\n

I. Storage for finished products

\n

II. Marketing costs

\n

III. Labour costs

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.33", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-1-just-in-time-(jit)-and-just-in-case-(jic)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 8 below shows a market research strategy.

\n

Figure 8: A market research strategy

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2018]

\n

 

\n

What is this strategy?

\n

A. Environmental scanning

\n

B. Perceptual mapping

\n

C. SWOT analysis

\n

D. Literature search

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.29", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-4-market-research" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 6 shows the Ford Mustang, which was first manufactured in 1965 is still being manufactured in 2019. The engineers of the new car have designed the sound of the engine to replicate the original model.

\n

Figure 6: The Ford Mustang

\n

\n

[Source: adapted image (cropped and recoloured) “1965 Ford Mustang 2D Hardtop Front” by Kroelleboelle (en.wikipedia.org). Under copyright and creative commons licence 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en) and adapted image (cropped, blurred and recoloured) “2018 Ford Mustang GT 5.0 Front” by Vauxford (en.wikipedia.org). Under copyright and creative commons licence 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en)]

\n

 

\n

What is this an example of?

\n

A. Practical function

\n

B. Psychological function

\n

C. Retro styling

\n

D. Conflict and compromise

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B, C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.24", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following best describes lead time?

\n

A. The time for a product to be ordered.

\n

B. The time for a product to be manufactured.

\n

C. The time for delivery of a finished product.

\n

D. The time from order of a product to delivery to the customer.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.34", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Triple bottom line sustainability does not only focus on the profitability of an organization or product, but also the environmental and social benefit it can bring.

\n

Which of the following refers to triple bottom line sustainability?

\n

A. Economic, political, social

\n

B. Environmental, political, social

\n

C. Economic, environmental, political

\n

D. Economic, environmental, social

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-1-sustainable-development" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

A recent study estimated that 239 000 industrial robots were used globally in 2015, see Figure 1. The study indicated that the growth was particularly rapid in China where the number of robots used increased by 16 % from 2014 to 2015.

\n

\n

Rapid advances in robot technology bring both advantages and disadvantages. Another report stated that 45 % of American jobs are at high risk of being taken by robots within the next twenty years.

\n
\n

Define the term renewable resource.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

a (natural) resource that does not run out ✓

\n

a (natural) resource that can replenish itself (over a period of time) ✓

\n

a (natural) resource that can be used more than once/is infinite ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for a definition of renewable resource

\n

Answers in brackets are not required to award the mark

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.2.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What type of design contains features that are recognized as essential by a majority of manufacturers and purchasers?

\n

A. Obsolescent design

\n

B. Mass produced design

\n

C. Omnipresent design

\n

D. Dominant design

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.25", "topics": [ "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Ropes are used for a variety of purposes such as rock climbing, yachting and securing loads to trucks. Figure 4 shows the internal structure of a rope.

\n

Figure 4: The internal structure of rope

\n

\n
\n

Outline why fibres are important for the strength and flexibility of the rope.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

List two properties that enable rope to maintain its strength.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

individual fibres are flexible (but lack strength);

\n

fibres woven/braided together provide high tensile strength;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one reason why rope fibres are important for the strength and flexibility of the rope and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

high tensile strength;

\n

elasticity;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each property that enables rope to maintain its strength up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A very difficult question with illustrations and stem information which showed fibres, strands and yarns that did not help the students. Very few achieved a mark with almost no one achieving two marks. Many repeated the question in their answer which was easy to do as it referred to strength and flexibility.

\n
a.
\n
\n

Another 'list two' with many candidates listing high tensile strength but not many listing elasticity.

\n
b.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.2.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is an advantage to the consumer of buying the products of a reputable brand?

\n

A. Products will be cheaper

\n

B. There will be less demand for the product

\n

C. The quality will be the same as a cheaper competitor

\n

D. They can be almost certain of a quality product

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.30", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets" ], "subtopics": [ "9-5-branding" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What are generally considered to be examples of sustainable consumption?

\n

I. Taking an alternative route to avoid road tolls

\n

II. Not buying more food than needed

\n

III. Turning taps off when brushing teeth

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-2-sustainable-consumption" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following lean production concepts values the opinions and suggestions of the workforce in order to ensure continuous improvement?

\n

A. Product family

\n

B. Kaizen

\n

C. Workflow analysis

\n

D. Value stream mapping

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.HL.TZ0.35", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 9 shows a car production line.

\n

Figure 9: A car production line

\n

\n

[Source: Lotus 60th Celebration - Final assembly (https://www.flickr.com/photos/32659528@N00/2868489384).
Image by Brian Snelson under CC licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/]

\n

 

\n

The company does not allocate space to the storage of components or completed cars. This is an example of which production strategy?

\n

A. Just in case (JIC)

\n

B. Just in time (JIT)

\n

C. Workflow analysis

\n

D. Kaizen

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.31", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-1-just-in-time-(jit)-and-just-in-case-(jic)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following processes, commonly used in video games and animated movies, uses magnetic markers or LEDs to create a digital image of a person?

\n

A. Data modelling

\n

B. Statistical modelling

\n

C. Motion capture

\n

D. Virtual prototyping

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "19N.1.SL.TZ0.26", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain how copyright can be used as a strategy for the protection of intellectual property.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

a legal right that grants the creator (of an original literary and/or artistic work) sole ownership (for its use and distribution) ✓

\n

copyright prohibits others from using the creator’s intellectual property (IP)/allows the creator to receive compensation/enables copyright holders to sue ✓

\n

for a limited time/within geographical boundaries ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how copyright can be used as a strategy for the protection of intellectual property (IP).

\n

Do not award marks for answers referring to patents, products, logos, brands or names.

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.2.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which architectural considerations are responding to sustainable design?

\n

I. The use of bamboo flooring

\n

II. Heating the house by coal

\n

III. Collecting and using rainwater

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. II and III only

\n

C. I and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.27", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-3-sustainable-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which part of the human information processing system would most likely be affected by mental stress?

\n

A. Motor processes

\n

B. Output

\n

C. Sensory processes

\n

D. Central processes

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1b-psychological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following would be included in a company’s fixed costs?

\n

I. Machinery

\n

II. Rent

\n

III. Materials used in production

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.32", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-5-economic-viability" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

What is the corporate strategy where leadership determines the overall goals and individual employees to assist in developing the mechanisms and ideas to meet these goals?

\n

A. Top down

\n

B. Bottom up

\n

C. Delayering

\n

D. Product stewardship

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.1.HL.TZ0.28", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain how the mobile phone can be classified as disruptive innovation.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

disruptive innovations challenge existing companies to diversify/embrace technical change ✓
mobile phones (smartphones) offer multiple functions (video/camera/games/internet/music/GPS) ✓
which replaced/led to the decline of previous/existing products/systems/technologies ✓

\n

the development of mobile telephones/cellular technology ✓
led to improvements in portable communication/a new system of telecommunication ✓
technology push encouraged companies to exploit this new market ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the mobile phone can be classified as disruptive innovation.

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark.

\n

Do not award mark for referring to obsolescence of previous/existing products/systems/technologies

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18M.2.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain why end-of-pipe technologies may not be the most effective strategy to reduce pollution.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

end-of pipe technologies only focus on reducing pollutants at the end of a process ✓
however pollutants may still be released during the production process ✓
strategies (system level solutions) that capture the pollutants earlier in the production process can result in less pollutants being emitted overall ✓

\n

end-of pipe technologies only focus on reducing pollutants at the end of a process ✓
different types of pollutants can be released during the manufacturing process ✓
that may not be addressed/eliminated with one single solution ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why end-of-pipe technologies may not be the most effective strategy to reduce pollution of up to [3 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Straightforward question but only a few candidates obtained full marks. Candidates showed a poor depth of understanding of the concept beyond it occurring at the end of a process. The markscheme addressed the end of a manufacturing process, not just any process, which may have caused candidates to perform poorly in this question. That said, a reasonable number still achieved 1-2 marks.

\n
", "question_id": "19M.2.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The recent developments in autonomous vehicles have led to a large increase in the number of patents. In the US there are 4300 patents that include the term “autonomous vehicle”. However, some patents have more value than others.

\n

Explain one reason why some patents may have more commercial value than others.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

patents provide a company the (exclusive) right to make or sell a new invention;

\n

based on a (viable) market for the invention/revenue stream;

\n

providing high profit margins/market share;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why some patents may have more commercial value than others up to [3 max].

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A very difficult question about patents that added a layer of conceptual complexity by asking why some patents have more commercial value than others. Last year Q4 combined two concepts that candidates also found difficult to answer: dematerialization and LCA. There was a lot of confusion around patents and many candidates mixed their understanding of copyright and patents. There were attempts to explain why some patents have more value including 'first to market', USP, recognise/successful/established products/brands/companies.

\n
", "question_id": "22M.2.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following usually relies on collecting anthropometric data relevant to the 5th percentile only?

\n

A. Reach

\n

B. Clearance

\n

C. Adjustability

\n

D. Range of sizes

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1a-anthropometrics" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

At the car manufacturing plant, teams work together to eliminate waste such as cutting time spent waiting for parts to arrive, reducing unnecessary movement in work cells, eliminating over-processing and over-production.

\n

This strategy, where everyone works together to eliminate waste during manufacture, is a key principle of…

\n

A. Mass customization

\n

B. Lean production

\n

C. Automation

\n

D. Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.33", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Explain how copyright is used in the creative arts as a method of protecting intellectual property (IP).

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

copyright grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution;

\n

the intellectual property gives some protection against/prevents others from the copying of creative works;

\n

and provides compensation for intellectual effort;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how copyright is used in the creative arts as a method of protecting intellectual property up to [3 max].

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A question about copyright that was reasonably well answered by candidates. There was definitely a better understanding of copyrights than patents. Almost all candidates were able to achieve at least one mark, a number were able to achieve 2 but very few achieved 3.

\n
", "question_id": "22M.2.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

The 5 S system was developed in Japan and is an important part of lean production.

\n

Arranging the items on a production line so that they are easy to find, use and put away, is an example of which of the 5 Ss?

\n

A. Setting

\n

B. Sorting

\n

C. Sifting

\n

D. Shifting

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.34", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-2-lean-production" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Designers often strive to design products that enable the principles of the circular economy to be met. However, products are designed so that they cannot be easily disassembled.

\n

Explain why some products are designed so they cannot be easily disassembled.

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

some products are designed with planned obsolescence (in mind) ✓
meaning products need to be replaced/consumers need to buy new products ✓
increasing sales/profits (for the company) ✓

\n

some products are designed to prevent access to (internal) components/parts ✓
due to structural/mechanical/electrical/chemical risks ✓
to ensure safety/prevent possible injury ✓

\n

consumers may attempt to repair/modify a product themselves ✓
using incorrect techniques/incompatible components ✓
which can impair the performance/function/quality of the product ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why products may be designed so that they cannot be easily disassembled of up to [3 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A fairly straightforward question that still saw many candidates unable to achieve full marks. A number of responses crossed clusters. The best responses were from the first cluster of the markscheme. Most candidates understood the concept of disassembly but may have been confused by the reference to circular economy in the question. Some answers referred to re-use of parts, recycling, preventing imitation/protecting the design or companies monopolizing the market/enforcing consumers to return for service/repair.

\n
", "question_id": "19M.2.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production" ], "subtopics": [ "4-5-production-systems" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is influenced by perception?

\n

A. Biomechanics

\n

B. Strength

\n

C. Thermal comfort

\n

D. Reach

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.3", "topics": [ "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

In 1858 Leonard Bailey produced the Bailey Wood Plane. The body of the plane was made from cast iron rather than timber. It also had a cam lever lock to secure the lever cap (a). In 1867 he added a longitudinal adjuster – a “Y” lever operated by a screw set vertically behind the cutting unit (b).

\n

Despite the development of electric wood planes, the Bailey Wood Plane is still used in workshops today, see Figure 5.

\n

Figure 5: Bailey Wood Plane

\n

\n

Figure 5: (Left) gresei / iStock.    (Right) mamonovstanislav / 123RF.

\n
\n

List two properties that made cast iron a suitable material for the Bailey Wood Plane.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain why the Bailey Wood Plane is an example of an innovation.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain how the Bailey Wood Plane demonstrates omnipresence and dominant design.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain why perspective drawings, orthographic drawings and exploded isometric drawings would be used in the design of the Bailey Wood Plane.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

hardness;

\n

high density;

\n

toughness;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each property that made cast iron a suitable material for the Bailey Wood Plane up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

innovation is putting an invention in the marketplace and making it a success;

\n

the wood plane offers adjustability;

\n

increasing the popularity/demand for the product/diffusion into the marketplace;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the Bailey Wood Plane is an example of an innovation up to [3 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

Omnipresence:

\n

the wood plane was invented in 1858;

\n

meaning it has existed/been in circulation for a long time;

\n

and continues to be used today (without change to the original design);

\n

 

\n

Dominant design:

\n

dominant design contains features of a product that are recognized as essential (by a majority of manufacturers and purchasers);

\n

the wood plane contains a lever cap/adjuster/flat base/blade/handles;

\n

which are essential for the user to successfully plane wood/fulfil its function;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the Bailey Wood Plane demonstrates omnipresence up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of how the Bailey Wood Plane demonstrates dominant design up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Perspective drawings:

\n

provide a (realistic) 3D representation of the product;

\n

using foreshortening/converging lines/vanishing points;

\n

which can be used to communicate to clients/for marketing/promotional purposes;

\n

 

\n

Orthographic projection:

\n

show the product from multiple 2D views (top/front/side);

\n

and provide dimensions/scale;

\n

which are helpful to communicate between designers/manufacturers;

\n

 

\n

Exploded isometric drawings:

\n

a 3D drawing technique that illustrates the component parts separated (drawn on a 30º angle);

\n

used to show all the parts of the Bailey Wood plane (how they assemble/fit together);

\n

which helps the user with repair/assembly/maintenance of the product;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why perspective drawings would be used in the design of the Bailey Wood Plane up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why orthographic drawings would be used in the design of the Bailey Wood Plane up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why exploded isometric drawings would be used in the design of the Bailey Wood Plane up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

An accessible question. Hardness/toughness were common responses, but often not both were provided.

\n
a.
\n
\n

An accessible question not well answered. A few candidates got the first mark for the definition but were unable to reason why the plane was a success and the result of its success.

\n
b.
\n
\n

A reasonable understanding of dominant designs but some confused omnipresence with ubiquitous.

\n
c.
\n
\n

Generally the best answered of the three 9 mark questions. Most candidates achieved the highest marks in the exploded isometric cluster (2-3 marks) but only 1 or 2 marks in the perspective and orthographic clusters.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.2.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-6-classic-design", "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "4-1-properties-of-materials", "5-2-innovation", "6-1-characteristics-of-classic-design", "3-2-graphical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Statistical process control (SPC) is a quality control tool that uses statistical methods to ensure that a process operates at its optimum efficiency.

\n

Which of the following are elements of statistical process control (SPC)?

\n

I. Dramatically reducing variability and waste

\n

II. Reducing costs

\n

III. Predicting demand

\n

A. I and II

\n

B. I and III

\n

C. II and III

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

A

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "18N.1.HL.TZ0.35", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production" ], "subtopics": [ "10-4-quality-management" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 1 is an example of a tool used by designers.

\n

Figure 1: A tool used to demonstrate the stages and impacts of a project

\n

\n

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

\n

 

\n

What is Figure 1 an example of?

\n

A. Life cycle analysis (LCA) matrix

\n

B. Design for the environment software

\n

C. Affinity diagramming

\n

D. Environmental impact assessment matrix

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.4", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-6-eco-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Choosing the right material(s) for a product such as a bridge is a complex and difficult task as each one has different physical, aesthetic and mechanical properties. In addition, there may be environmental, social, cultural, moral and ethical issues associated with the choice of material(s).

\n

The Anzac Bridge in Sydney, Australia is a cable-stayed bridge made of reinforced concrete and steel cable, see Figure 6. There is a patent on the cables.

\n

\n

In other cases, bridge designers have used traditional materials such as wood. Figure 7 shows a timber bridge in Canada.

\n

Figure 7: A timber bridge

\n

\n

[Source: \"File:Wood bridge Montmorency.jpg\" by Cephas is marked with CC BY-SA 3.0. To view the terms, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/?ref=openverse]

\n
\n

Outline why designers would register a patent.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain why the recycling of steel-reinforced concrete is problematic.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Discuss the conflict between form and function when designing a new bridge.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain why timber as a building material is influenced by its physical properties, aesthetic properties and environmental impact.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

a patent is a legal agreement that gives someone the right to make or sell an invention (for a certain number of years) ✓

\n

and protects the inventor from having their idea copied/imitated ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why designers would register a patent and [1] for a brief explanation up to [2 max].

\n

Do not award marks for answers referring to ‘copyright’ or ‘ownership’

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n
a.
\n
\n

steel-reinforced concrete is made up of two materials (steel and concrete) ✓
which are difficult/require a large amount of energy to separate ✓
the concrete must be crushed to allow the steel to be melted down/recycled ✓

\n

steel-reinforced concrete is a composite material ✓
made from a variety of different materials (sand/gravel/water/cement with steel bars) ✓
which cannot be separated easily into each material category for recycling ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why why the recycling of the steel reinforced concrete is problematic up to [3 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n
b.
\n
\n

Form:
relates to the shape and the aesthetic qualities of the bridge ✓
some bridges are designed to be recognisable/iconic ✓
should be in harmony with the surrounding environment ✓
the form of the bridge may be influenced by the intended load ✓
optimum materials/structure for the function may not compliment the form ✓

Function:
a bridge needs to function as a safe crossing between two land masses ✓
it is required to withstand forces/have tensile/compressive strength to fulfil its purpose ✓
needs to function under a specific/intended load (consider factor of safety) ✓
should withstand adverse environmental conditions (earthquakes/high winds etc.) ✓
form follows function/function is more important than form (in a safety-critical structure such as a bridge) ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of six distinct points in a discussion of the conflict between form and function when designing a new bridge.

\n

[3 max for each]

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Physical properties:
thermal expansion/contraction ✓
timber does not expand/contract readily ✓
retaining the structural integrity of buildings in different climates ✓

\n

thermal conductivity/resistance ✓
timber does not conduct heat readily ✓
helping to insulate (warm/cool) the building ✓

\n

mass/weight ✓
timbers vary in their density ✓
some buildings need to have lightweight features/high density for stability ✓

\n

different timbers vary in their hardness ✓
consideration needs to be given to the selection of timber to reduce wear/resist impact/scratches ✓
to ensure its durability/longevity ✓

\n


Aesthetic properties:
appearance/texture ✓
timber has a natural colour/grain ✓
and can be selected to suit various tastes/aesthetic/styles/environments ✓

\n

smell ✓
certain species of timber have unique/distinctive smell ✓
that can enhance the user experience/create an emotional response/evoke memories ✓

\n

finishes ✓
timber can be treated in a variety of ways ✓
such as painting/varnishing/oiling/staining/waxing ✓

\n


Environmental impact:
Renewability ✓
timber can be harvested and regrown from sustainable sources ✓
minimising the depletion of finite resources ✓

\n

deforestation ✓
involves clearing a wide area of trees ✓
causing a destruction of natural habitat/decrease in biodiversity ✓

\n

recovery and disposal ✓
timber can be reused ✓
or used as biomass/creation of composite material ✓

\n

biodegradable ✓
timber is a natural material ✓
that will degrade/return to the earth ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why timber as a building material is influenced by its physical properties up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why timber as a building material is influenced by its aesthetic properties up to [3 max].

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why timber as a building material is influenced by its environmental impact up to [3 max].

\n

Answer in brackets is not required to award the mark

\n

Do not award marks across clusters

\n

Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Not many candidates obtained full marks. Patents have appeared before on past papers but in different contexts. This was open ended but confused some candidates who referenced their answers specifically to the bridge design. 

\n
a.
\n
\n

This should have been fairly straightforward and the markscheme provided good opportunities for candidates who were familiar with steel reinforced concrete and composite materials. Although it is a good question, the issue may have been the concrete is a composite in its own right and then adding steel makes it another type of combination of composites. The question has added complexity by asking candidates to explain how recycling can be problematic in the context of the material. However, having said this, many candidates still were able to achieve 1-2 marks.

\n
b.
\n
\n

There were mixed responses here and better clarification is needed in the guide with regards to form/function. The markscheme was designed, however, to allow candidates to gain marks from both the 'form' and 'function' elements. The 'conflict' aspect made it a little harder for candidates to structure their responses coherently but many were still able to pick up between 2 and 4 marks.

\n
c.
\n
\n

A good question which should have allowed a good range of marks to be obtained. Candidates answered well from the environmental clusters with biodegradability and deforestation being the most popular responses. Aesthetics was generally well answered but there were many cross cluster responses here too. Almost no one considered thermal expansion of conductivity for physical properties. Many students wrongly identified stiffness and tensile strength as physical considerations, not making the distinction between physical and mechanical properties. A few mentioned weight and hardness but did not add further marks from these clusters.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "19M.2.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-4-final-production", "topic-6-classic-design" ], "subtopics": [ "5-1-invention", "4-2a-metals-and-metallic-alloys", "6-2-classic-design-function-and-form", "4-2b-timber" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Elon Musk, see Figure 1, is an entrepreneur, engineer, innovator and the founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Tesla. This company is attempting to design and manufacture products that promote sustainable consumption.

\n

The Tesla Powerwall 2 is a lithium-ion battery pack that can be attached to the wall and provides electricity for household use. Electricity is generated by solar panels, see Figure 2, that are connected to the Powerwall 2. When there is no sunlight the electricity stored in the Powerwall 2 can be used to provide the electricity to run lighting or appliances.

\n

The Powerwall 2 is a product that is entering the market and has the potential to ease the world’s transition into the use of sustainable energy.

\n

\n

\n
\n

List two methods of government intervention that could encourage the adoption of sustainable innovation such as the Powerwall 2.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline how the Powerwall 2 can support the concept of ethical consumerism.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Compare the consumer attitudes and behaviours towards the Powerwall 2 from the perspective of an eco-champion and that of an eco-phobe.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

regulation/legislation ✓

\n

education ✓

\n

subsidies ✓

\n

taxes/fines ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each method of government intervention.

\n

[2 max]

\n
b.
\n
\n

Powerwall 2 system provides an opportunity for consumers to consciously purchase a product that minimises environmental damage (for example: global warming, climate change, pollutants, etc.) ✓

\n

by promoting the use of renewable energy / by reducing reliance on fossil fuels / by storing energy from solar panels / sustainable energy consumption ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying how the Powerwall 2 system can support the concept of ethical consumerism and [1] for a brief explanation

\n
c.
\n
\n

Eco-champion:
Attitude: adopt/support environmental issues ✓
Behaviour: will promote the Powerwall 2 system within an organization ✓

\n


Eco-phobes:
Attitude: resent talk and discussion of environmental issues / doubt claims relating to the sustainable performance of Tesla Powerwall 2 ✓
Behaviour: will not adopt this system / may fight against it ✓

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of two distinct points that compare the consumer attitudes of an eco-champion and an eco-phobe [2 max]

\n

Award [1] for each of two distinct points that compare the consumer behaviours of an eco-champion and an eco-phobe [2 max]

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
b.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
c.
\n
\n[N/A]\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "18N.3.HL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "8-4-sustainable-innovation", "8-2-sustainable-consumption" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following renewable energy resources could be considered as having the least environmental and social impact?

\n

A. Geothermal energy

\n

B. Solar

\n

C. Wind

\n

D. Hydropower

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.5", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following best describes a circular economy?

\n

A. Maximizing the amount of material that can be recycled

\n

B. Designing products so they produce the minimal amount of pollution

\n

C. Designing products so their waste can be used as a resource

\n

D. Designing products so they can be disposed of as easily as possible

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.6", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following is considered most reliable in terms of constant supply?

\n

I. Solar

\n

II. Nuclear

\n

III. Tidal

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-1-resources-and-reserves" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following waste mitigation strategies involves the use of small amounts of energy?

\n

I. Re-use

\n

II. Recycle

\n

III. Repair

\n

A. I and II only

\n

B. I and III only

\n

C. II and III only

\n

D. I, II and III

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.8", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-2-waste-mitigation-strategies" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following strategies would be the easiest way to ensure energy was being used most efficiently?

\n

A. Constructing power plants closer to cities

\n

B. Combining renewable and non-renewable energy sources

\n

C. Implementing combined heat and power (CHP)

\n

D. Reducing reliance on international grid systems

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

C

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.9", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-3-energy-utilization-storage-and-distribution" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Which of the following best describes a system level solution?

\n

A. Reducing pollutants and waste at the end of the production processes

\n

B. Removing harmful gases from the exhaust stream before they are released into the atmosphere

\n

C. Using waste as a resource in a closed loop system

\n

D. Considers the impact of production at every stage and seeks to minimize the negative consequences

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

D

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.10", "topics": [ "topic-2-resource-management-and-sustainable-production" ], "subtopics": [ "2-4-clean-technology" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Drones have become more widespread and can be used for leisure, business or military purposes. A drone is operated using a handset, see Figure 7.

\n


Figure 7: A drone and its handset

\n

\n

Figure 7: (Right) Pixabay.     

\n

(Left) Pixabay. Florian-Media, n.d. Drone handset. [image online]
Available at: https://pixabay.com/nl/photos/afstandsbediening-4231492 [Accessed 27 April 2020].

\n
\n

List two reasons why temporary joining techniques are used when a drone is assembled.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Explain why finite element analysis (FEA) would be used in the development of the drone.

\n
[3]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain two ways that drones can become obsolete.

\n
[6]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain how the study of human factors can be used to improve the comfort, safety and performance of the handset that controls the drone.

\n
[9]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

disassembly (of blades/other parts to aid transport/storage);

\n

facilitates repair;

\n

ease of replacement/upgrade of parts;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each reason why temporary joining techniques are used when a drone is constructed up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

FEA provides calculation/simulation of unknown factors in the drone using CAD;

\n

which allows designers to test the drone's performance;

\n

to select optimum materials/structures/joining methods;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of why finite element analysis (FEA) would be used in the development of the drone up to [3 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

technological obsolescence;
is when a product is no longer needed or wanted (even though it is in good working order);
this would occur when an updated/more efficient version of a drone would replace an older version;

\n


functional obsolescence;
occurs when a drone either crashes/undergoes wear and tear/becomes damaged;
leading to the purchase of a new drone (due to high costs for repair/replacement of parts);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points in an explanation of two ways that drones can become obsolete up to [3 max].

\n

Mark as [3] + [3].

\n
c.
\n
\n

Comfort:
anthropometric/ergonomic data can be used in the design of the handset;
to fit a range of hand sizes;
minimising fatigue/strain;

\n

 

\n

Safety:
the handset should be ergonomically designed;
to prevent injury being sustained to the hand/thumb/fingers;
due to continual use of the handset controllers;

\n


the drone’s footage is viewable on the handset (in real time);
enabling the user to view the surrounding area;
avoiding any hazards/possible obstructions/accidents;

\n

 

\n

Performance:
biomechanics of the hands can be analysed;
enabling the designer to consider the reach/force/pressure needed;
to operate the controls of the handset efficiently;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for each of three distinct points of how the study of human factors can be used to improve the comfort of the handset that controls the drone up up to [3 max].

\n


Award [1] for each of three distinct points of how the study of human factors can be used to improve the safety of the handset that controls the drone up to [3 max].

\n

Do not award marks across clusters under safety.

\n


Award [1] for each of three distinct points of how the study of human factors can be used to improve performance of the handset that controls the drone up to [3 max].

\n


Mark as [3] + [3] + [3].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

A straightforward question with most able to get at least one mark and many getting two marks.

\n
a.
\n
\n

A question, not well answered as many candidates who did not always demonstrate good understanding of FEA. Some were able to achieve 1 or 2 marks but very few at all got 3.

\n
b.
\n
\n

A good discriminator and a fair question, not well answered by most candidates. There were opportunities for marks here but quite a few candidates went down the planned obsolescence path. Those who were able to identify both functional and technological obsolescence were able to achieve at least 1 or 2 additional marks but very few achieved 5 or 6 marks.

\n
c.
\n
\n

An accessible 9 mark question which provided potential for marks across all three clusters but was not well answered. Some candidates could achieve 1 mark, sometimes two marks per cluster but many found it difficult to structure a 3 mark response under the aspects of comfort, safety and performance. None of the 3 clusters were any more easy/difficult than the others.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.2.SL.TZ0.7", "topics": [ "topic-4-final-production", "topic-3-modelling", "topic-5-innovation-and-design", "topic-1-human-factors-and-ergonomics" ], "subtopics": [ "4-5-production-systems", "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)", "5-5-product-life-cycle", "1-1c-physiological-factors" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Figure 2 shows a freehand drawing and an orthographic projection of a chair.

\n

Figure 2: Different representations of a chair

\n

\n

[Source: [freehand drawing of a chair] © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.
[orthographic drawing of a chair] © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.]

\n

 

\n

What is an advantage of using a freehand drawing rather than an orthographic drawing?

\n

A. More accurate

\n

B. Allows quick exploration of ideas

\n

C. Can be given to a manufacturer to make it

\n

D. All parts drawn in proportion

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.11", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-2-graphical-modelling" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

In computer-aided design (CAD), when a model is created that has no interior material and is just a visual representation of the final product, this is considered as a…

\n

A. Bottom up model

\n

B. Surface model

\n

C. Solid model

\n

D. Top down model

\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

B

\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n[N/A]\n
", "question_id": "20N.1.SL.TZ0.12", "topics": [ "topic-3-modelling" ], "subtopics": [ "3-4-computer-aided-design-(cad)" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Soar Electric Scooter Rental

\n

“Scooter sharing” has become popular in cities all over the world. E-scooters are being promoted as a sustainable mode of transport by providing an alternative to cars. One e-scooter company, Soar, offers e-scooters in several cities that can be easily rented via a smartphone app. A rider uses the Soar app to locate the nearest e-scooter, see Figure 1.

\n


Figure 1: A representation of the Soar smartphone app

\n

\n


Soar purchased their first-generation e-scooters from manufacturer Xiomani for US$550 each. To break even an e-scooter needs to be used five times a day for five months. As the Soar smartphone app tracks battery charge, location and usage, it was found that many of these Xiomani scooters were lasting less than two months. Many were simply discarded, see Figure 2.

\n


Figure 2: Discarded e-scooters

\n

\n

Figure 2: MarioGuti / iStock.

\n
\n

Outline one reason why Soar use just-in-case (JIC) production for their Soar e-scooter.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

Outline one way how the use of statistical process control can lead to improvements in the design of the Soar e-scooter.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Outline one way how partnerships between city authorities and e-scooter companies could encourage sustainable innovation.

\n
[2]
\n
c.
\n
\n

Explain why the first-generation Soar e-scooters cannot be considered to be a sustainable design.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Soar needs to keep a stock of e-scooters / cannot afford to run out;

\n

as many scooters last for less than two months / as they are replaced frequently / to respond to sudden fluctuations in demand / to reduce the risk of increased market prices / to avoid delay from their supplier / to reduce lead time / as “Scooter sharing” has become popular in cities all over the world;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one reason why Soar use just-in-case (JIC) production for their e-scooters and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

SPC ensures e-scooters are produced within the acceptable tolerances / detects when the process mean has moved away from the target (the centre line) / identifies areas in which standards are not met;

\n

leading to the correction of the manufacturing techniques / reducing the number of defected e-scooters / reducing human error / increasing the e-scooters' product life / informing the design development of new scooters;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way how the use of Statistical Process Control can lead to improvements in the design of the Soar e-scooter and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

integration (cooperation) between different systems (services) provided by the city authorities and e-scooter companies;
to provide infrastructure/travel passes/charging points/signage/collection & drop off points/scooter lanes;

\n


regulation / legislation;
city authorities may limit car transportation in certain areas / fine users who discard scooters;

\n


taxes;
city authorities may provide tax incentives to e-scooter companies;

\n


subsidies;
provide financial incentives for e-scooter companies/start-ups;

\n


education;
city authorities may use educational programs/advertising campaigns to encourage the public to use e-scooters;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a way how partnerships between city authorities and e-scooter companies could encourage sustainable innovation and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
c.
\n
\n

the e-scooters were not developed according to Datschefski’s principles of design because they have a short product life / many only last for two months;

\n

therefore, Soar is not making profit / is not breaking even / not economically sustainable;

\n

they are creating waste / not an eco-design / not cyclic / not solar / not safe / not efficient / not environmentally sustainable;

\n

encouraging users to discard the e-scooters / not social / not socially sustainable;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying why the first-generation Soar e-scooters cannot be considered to be a sustainable design and [1] for a development up to [4 max].

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

The majority of the candidates appeared to have a clear and good understanding of the \"just-in-case\" (JIC) production strategy.

\n
a.
\n
\n

This was seen as one of the more challenging questions in this paper. It required candidates to outline one way how the use of 'statistical process control' (SPC) can lead to improvements in the design of the Bird e-scooter. The 'statistical process control' concept is included in Topic 10.4 on page 84 in the DT Guide and has appeared in previous Paper 3 examinations over the past years. However, only a few well-prepared candidates demonstrated a good understanding of SPC and were able to achieve a full mark. Some confused SPC with 'strategies for user-centred design' from Topic 7 and mistakenly outlined ways to collect user data to improve how the e-scooters meet their wants and needs.

\n
b.
\n
\n

This question required candidates to outline one way how partnerships between city authorities and e-scooter companies could encourage 'sustainable innovation'. Surprisingly, quite a number of candidates responded incorrectly by simply repeating and/or rephrasing the question, for example: to help encourage sustainable innovation there should be a partnership between city authorities and e-scooter companies. Most popular responses included legislation and subsidies.

\n
c.
\n
\n

In general, this was a good question with the majority of candidates gaining at least 2 marks out of 4, mainly from the social and environmental aspects of 'sustainable design'. However, only the well-prepared candidates referred to the economical aspect and how Bird was unable to breakeven due to the e-scooters' short product life. Again, it is worth mentioning that some overlooked that the question is asking for why the first-generation Bird e-scooters cannot be considered a sustainable design, and incorrectly focused on explaining how it can be turned into a sustainable design.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.3.HL.TZ0.1", "topics": [ "topic-10-commercial-production", "topic-8-sustainability" ], "subtopics": [ "10-1-just-in-time-(jit)-and-just-in-case-(jic)", "10-4-quality-management", "8-4-sustainable-innovation", "8-3-sustainable-design" ] }, { "Question": "
\n

Many of Apple’s customers own a number of Apple devices such as iPhones, iPads, laptops, iWatches and AirPods, see Figure 3.

\n


Figure 3: A selection of Apple products

\n

\n


Many Apple users found the efficient charging of multiple devices could be difficult. Apple aimed to solve this issue when they filed their patent for the AirPower, a wireless charger that could charge three devices at once. To achieve this the coils must be placed directly on top of one another, see Figure 4. If the coils are not aligned, the device will not charge.

\n


Figure 4: Wireless charging

\n

\n


The AirPower aimed to solve this issue by stacking and offsetting the coils, see Figure 5. Stacked coils gave the AirPower the ability to charge multiple devices at once. The large charging area made it easier to align the coils.

\n


Figure 5: Registered patent for the design of the AirPower, showing many stacked coils

\n

\n

During testing, Apple found that the AirPower was unsafe because the coils overheated. This led to Apple cancelling the development of the AirPower and the product was never released to the public.

\n

 

\n

Figure 3: Zurijeta/Shutterstock.com.
Figure 4: With permission from Powermat Technologies.
Figure 5: AirPower charger patent was granted by the patent office on 2019-12-17,
Figure 2 [image online] Available at: https://uspto.report/patent/grant/10,511,197. Source adapted.

\n
\n

Outline one way Apple is using the corporate strategy of product development for the AirPower.

\n
[2]
\n
a.
\n
\n

List two ways the AirPower was intending to achieve enhanced usability.

\n
[2]
\n
b.
\n
\n

Explain how Apple utilizes “product families” to minimize inventory.

\n
[4]
\n
d.
\n
", "Markscheme": "
\n

Apple created a new product/modified charger;

\n

for existing customers (markets) / to match the needs of their existing customers (markets);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying one way how Apple’s Airpower is using the corporate strategy of product development for the AirPower and [1] for a development up to [2 max].

\n
a.
\n
\n

decreasing user error (effective charger);

\n

stacking and offsetting the coils;

\n

making it easier to align the coils (learnable charger);

\n

improving user experience / satisfaction;

\n

increasing product acceptance;

\n

improving productivity / charging multiple devices at once / enlarging the charging area (useful charger);

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for listing each way the wireless charger was intending to achieve enhanced usability up to [2 max].

\n
b.
\n
\n

a product family is a group of products with common parts and assemblies;

\n

and common manufacturing techniques;

\n

this means Apple requires less diverse materials / components / parts / machinery;

\n

leading to minimized stock holding and storage;

\n

 

\n

Award [1] for identifying a reason how Apple utilizes “product families” to minimize inventory and [1] for each development of that reason up to [4 max].

\n

Note: Do not award marks for: minimizing inventory

\n
d.
\n
", "Examiners report": "
\n

Over the pasts years, the concept of 'product development' has appeared often in previous Paper 3 examinations. However, there were quite many candidates who did not demonstrate any understanding of corporate strategy (Topic 9).

\n
a.
\n
\n

Most candidates appeared to have a good understanding of 'enhanced usabililty' and were able to list at least one way the AirPower achieved it.

\n
b.
\n
\n

The concept of 'product families' has been featured repeatedly in previous past papers. Nevertheless, only a few candidates managed to obtain full marks in this question. Surprisingly, many candidates structured their responses to explain how 'product families' minimize inventory for Apple consumers rather than for Apple which meant they were not awarded any marks. Moreover, many discussed how 'product families' enhance sales rather than explain how they minimize inventory.

\n
d.
\n
", "question_id": "22M.3.HL.TZ0.2", "topics": [ "topic-9-innovation-and-markets", "topic-7-user-centered-design" ], "subtopics": [ "9-1-corporate-strategies", "7-2-usability", "9-2-market-sectors-and-segments" ] } ]